What is confirmation bias? 2. What is the availability error? *3. What is motivated reasoning? 4. What did W. K. Clifford say about the morality of believing claims? 5. What is stereotyping? *6. From the standpoint of critical thinking, what event signals that we have allowed our bias in favor of ourselves to go too far? 7. According to the text, what effect can our urge to save face have on our thinking? 8. What is the mere exposure effect? 9. What is the illusion-of-truth effect? 10. When are you most likely to let your self-interest get in the way of clear thinking? *11. How might the influence of a group that you belong to affect your attempts to think critically? 12. According to the text, what may be the most powerful group pressure of all? 13. What is the appeal to popularity? *14. What is the Dunning-Kruger effect? 15. According to Blum, what is racism? 16. What is evidence?

Exercise 3.2

I want to indicate whether it contains examples of self-interested thinking, face-saving, or group pressure.

*1. mary: Animals have the same rights as humans. jenna: What makes you think that? mary: I love animals, and there are so many that are treated horribly all over the world. It's heartbreaking. 2. jonathan: My essay is better than Julio's. betty: Why do you think yours is better than all the others? Do you agree that the content and writing of all the essays are similar? jonathan: Well, yes. betty: Do you agree that all the other benchmarks of quality are nearly identical? jonathan: Yes, but mine is still better. 3. Dear friends, as your state senator I will continue my tireless work on your behalf. I will continue to use my considerable talents to make this district even better. I will continue to let my integrity be the guide for all my actions. *4. We cannot allow those people to move into this neighborhood. They're not like us. 5. I oppose women becoming members of this club. If I endorsed their claims, every friend I've got in the club would turn his back on me. 6. His statements about the West Bank are all false, of course. He's an Israeli. *7. Christianity is superior to all other religions. I was raised Christian, and all my relatives are Christians. This is the only religion I've known, and the only one I need. 8. I'm due for tenure next year, so I am in favor of continuing the tradition of tenure at this university. 9. The United States is the greatest nation on the face of the earth. I don't know anything about other countries, and I don't want to know. *10. If Joan is appointed to the committee, I am guaranteed to have a job for the rest of my life. I wholeheartedly favor Joan's appointment. 11. Free speech should not extend to pornographers. Right now they are allowed to espouse their smut on the Internet and many other places. That's just not how I was raised.

Answer rating: 100% (QA)

Answer Sure lets go through each question 1 What is confirmation bias Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for interpret favor and recall information in a way that confirms ones preexisting bel... View the full answer