A multiple-loop model of an urban ecological system might include the following variables: number of people in

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A multiple-loop model of an urban ecological system might include the following variables: number of people in the city (P), modernization (M), migration into the city (C), sanitation facilities (S), number of diseases (D), bacteria/area (B), and amount of garbage/area (G), where the symbol for the variable is given in parentheses. The following causal loops are hypothesized:
1. P → G → B → D → P
2. P → M → C → P
3. P → M → S → D → P
4. P → M → S → B → D → P
Sketch a signal-flow graph for these causal relationships, using appropriate gain symbols. Indicate whether you believe each gain transmission is positive or negative. For example, the causal link S to B is negative because improved sanitation facilities lead to reduced bacteria/area. Which of the four loops are positive feedback loops and which are negative feedback loops?
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Modern Control Systems

ISBN: 978-0136024583

12th edition

Authors: Richard C. Dorf, Robert H. Bishop

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