A paper published in the Harvard Business Review points out a new way to calculate economic profit that could be more appropriate for service firms and other "people-intensive" companies. Instead of focusing on investment and return on investment, the focus is on employee productivity, both in terms of generating revenues and reducing costs.

The approach is to first determine economic profit in the conventional way, except that we ignore taxes, so that economic profit is before tax, as follows:

Economic profit = Operating profit - Capital charge

Assume the following information for a hotel chain that wishes to adopt the new method. The firm has $100 million in operating profit, $1 billion in investment, and uses a cost of capital rate of 5%, so the capital charge is $50 million and the economic profit is $50 million. Relevant calculations are contained in Part 1 of the following schedule.

Part 1: Economic Profit (in thousands, except cost of capital rate)

Revenue ....................................................................................... $500,000

Operating costs:

Personnel costs ................................................................................. 300,000

Other costs ...................................................................................... 100,000

Operating profit ............................................................................... $100,000

Operating profit before personnel costs (OPBP) ........................................... $400,000

Investment (capital) ......................................................................... $1,000,000

Cost of capital, rate ................................................................................ 0.05

Capital charge $ ................................................................................. 50,000

Economic profit = Operating profit - Capital charge $ 50,000

Part 2: Economic Profit Calculated Using Employee Productivity

Number of employees ......................................................................... 10,000

Employee productivity:

Operating profit before personnel cost per employee ($400,000/10,000) .................. $40

Capital charge per employee ($50,000/10,000) .................................................. 5

Employee productivity ........................................................................... $35

Less personnel cost per employee ................................................................ 30

Economic profit per employee = Productivity - Cost ........................................... $ 5

Total economic profit, all employees ........................................................ $50,000

All numbers in thousands except for number of employees

The next step is to decompose economic profit using employee productivity. To do this we first determine operating profit before personnel costs (OPBP):

OPBP = Operating profit + Personnel costs

$400,000 = $100,000 + $300,000

Employee productivity can be determined by calculating OPBP less capital charge, per employee. For this example, since there are 10,000 employees, OPBP is $40,000 per employee and the capital charge is $5,000 per employee, so that productivity is $35,000 per employee. The next step is to determine personnel cost per employee, $30,000, and subtract that from employee productivity to obtain economic profit per employee, $5,000 (i.e., $35,000 - $30,000). Total economic profit for all employees is thus $5,000 × 10,000, or $50 million, the same amount as determined in the conventional way. The value of the decomposition of economic profit into employee productivity and personnel costs per employee is that it provides measures that the hotel chain can benchmark to other hotel chains. It also provides a direct measure of the profit that is being generated per employee relative to the average personnel cost for each employee. Measures of revenue per employee and personnel cost per employee are widely used in the hospital, health and human services, and other people-oriented service industries.

Required

Use the above approach and assume a chain of residential care facilities employs 15,000 people, has a cost of capital of 6%, and has the following information (000s).

Revenue ...................... $600,000

Operating costs:

Personnel costs ............... 360,000

Other costs .................... 150,000

Operating profit ............. $ 90,000

Investment ................ $1,000,000

Determine the productivity per employee, personnel costs per employee, and economic profit per employee.