A thin, high-strength steel rule (E = 30 × 106 psi) having thickness t = 0.175 in. and length L = 48 in. is bent by couples M0 into a circular are subtending a central angle a = 40° (see figure).
(a) What is the maximum bending stress σ max in the rule?
(b) By what percent does the stress increase or decrease if the central angle is increased by 10%?

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L length