A total of 2397 American adults responded to a survey about their income class and whether their financial situation is better, worse, or no different than before the recession started in December 2007. Table 28 summarizes their responses.

a. What proportion of those surveyed have financial situations that are no different than before the recession?
b. What proportion of the upper-income adults€™ financial situations are better than before the recession started?
c. What proportion of the adults are middle-income OR have financial situations that are worse than before the recession started?
d. What proportion of the adults are middle-income AND have financial situations that are worse than before the recession started?
e. The survey included questions about topics other than income and financial situation. Of the people who participated in the study, 111 refused to reveal their income class and/or whether their financial situation had changed since the start of the recession. What type(s) of bias in sampling likely occurred? Explain.

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Table 28 Income Class versus whether Financial Situation Is Better, Worse, or No Different than Before Recession Financial Situation Upper Income 213 172 Middle Income 412 541 Lower Income Total Better Worse No Different | Total 491 1249 657 2397 106 296 161 786 1102 107 509 389