A wide-flange steel column (E = 30 ( 106 psi) of W 12 ( 87 shape (see figure) has length L = 28 ft. It is supported only at the ends and may buckle in any direction. Calculate the allowable load P allow based upon the critical load with a factor of safety n = 2.5. Consider the following end conditions:
(1) pinned-pinned,
(2) fixed-free,
(3) fixed-pinned, and
(4) fixed-fixed.

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