Camp Jump Start is an 8-week summer camp for overweight and obese adolescents. Counselors develop a weight-management program for each camper that centers on nutrition education and physical activity. In a study published in Pediatrics (April 2010), the body mass index (BMI) was measured for each of 76 campers both at the start and end of camp. Summary statistics on BMI measurements are shown in the table.

a. Give the null and alternative hypothesis for determining whether the mean BMI at the end of camp is less than the mean BMI at the start of camp.
b. How should the data be analyzed, as an independent-samples t-test or as a paired-difference t-test? Explain.
c. Calculate the test statistic using the formula for an independent-samples t-test.
d. Calculate the test statistic using the formula for a paired-difference t -test.
e. Compare the test statistics, parts c and d. Which test statistic provides more evidence in support of the alternative hypothesis?
f. The p-value of the test, part d, was reported as p g. Do the differences in BMI values need to be normally distributed in order for the inference, part f, to be valid? Explain.
h. Find a 99% confidence interval for the true mean change in BMI for Camp Jump Start campers. Interpret the result.

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Mean Standard Deviation 34.9 31.6 6.9 6.2 1.5 Starting BMI Ending BMI Paired Differences 3.3