Clear Focus is a marketing research firm that organizes focus groups for consumer- product companies. Each focus group has eight individuals who are paid $ 60 per session to provide comments on new products. These focus groups meet in hotels and are led by a trained, independent marketing specialist hired by Clear Focus. Each specialist is paid a fixed retainer to conduct a minimum number of sessions and a per session fee of $ 2,200. A Clear Focus staff member attends each session to ensure that all the logistical aspects run smoothly.

Classify each cost item (A– H) as follows:

a. Direct or indirect (D or I) costs of each individual focus group.

b. Variable or fixed (V or F) costs of how the total costs of Clear Focus change as the number of focus groups conducted changes. (If in doubt, select on the basis of whether the total costs will change substantially if there is a large change in the number of groups conducted.)

You will have two answers (D or I; V or F) for each of the following items:

Cost Item                                   D or I                                    V or F

A. Payment to individuals in each focus group to provide comments on new products

B. Annual subscription of Clear Focus to Consumer Reports magazine

C. Phone calls made by Clear Focus staff member to confirm individuals will attend a focus group session (Records of individual calls are not kept.)

D. Retainer paid to focus group leader to conduct 18 focus groups per year on new medical products

E. Meals provided to participants in each focus group

F. Lease payment by Clear Focus for corporate office

G. Cost of tapes used to record comments made by individuals in a focus group session (These tapes are sent to the company whose products are being tested.)

H. Gasoline costs of Clear Focus staff for company- owned vehicles (Staff members submit monthly bills with no mileage breakdowns.)