Discrimination occurs when disadvantaged groups like women or African-Americans are segmented into low-wage markets. Explain how each of the following practices, which prevailed in some cases until recently, helped perpetuate discriminatory labor market segmentation:
a. Many state schools would not allow women to major in engineering.
b. Many top colleges would not admit women.
c. Nonwhites and whites received schooling in separate school systems.
d. Elite social clubs would not admit women, African Americans, or Catholics.
e. Employers refused to hire workers who had attended inner-city schools because the average productivities of workers from those schools were low.