Donna Jamison, a 2003 graduate of the University of Florida with 4 years of banking experience, was recently brought in as assistant to the chairperson of the board of D€™Leon Inc., a small food producer that operates in north Florida and whose specialty is high-quality pecan and other nut products sold in the snack foods market. D€™Leon€™s president, Al Watkins, decided in 2007 to undertake a major expansion and to €œgo national€ in competition with Frito-Lay, Eagle, and other major snack foods companies. Watkins believed that D€™Leon€™s products were of higher quality than the competition€™s; that this quality differential would enable it to charge a premium price; and that the end result would be greatly increased sales, profits, and stock price.
The company doubled its plant capacity, opened new sales offices outside its home territory, and launched an expensive advertising campaign. D€™Leon€™s results were not satisfactory, to put it mildly. Its board of directors, which consisted of its president, vice president, and plus major stockholders (who were all local businesspeople), was most upset when directors learned how the expansion was going. Unhappy suppliers were being paid late; and the bank was complaining about the deteriorating situation, threatening to cut off credit. As a result, Watkins was informed that changes would have to be made€”and quickly; otherwise he would be fired. Also, at the board€™s insistence, Donna Jamison was brought in and given the job of assistant to Fred Campo, a retired banker who was D€™Leon€™s chairperson and largest stockholder. Campo agreed to give up a few of his golfing days and help nurse the company back to health, with Jamison€™s help.
Jamison began by gathering the financial statements and other data given in Tables IC 3-1, IC 3-2, IC 3-3, and IC 3-4. Assume that you are Jamison€™s assistant. You must help her answer the following questions for Campo.
a. What effect did the expansion have on sales, after-tax operating income, net working capital (NWC), and net income?
b. What effect did the company€™s expansion have on its free cash flow?
c. D€™Leon purchases materials on 30-day terms, meaning that it is supposed to pay for purchases within 30 days of receipt. Judging from its 2008 balance sheet, do you think that D€™Leon pays suppliers on time? Explain, including what problems might occur if suppliers are not paid in a timely manner.
d. D€™Leon spends money for labor, materials, and fixed assets (depreciation) to make products€”and spends still more money to sell those products. Then the firm makes sales that result in receivables, which eventually result in cash inflows. Does it appear that D€™Leon€™s sales price exceeds its costs per unit sold? How does this affect the cash balance?
e. Suppose D€™Leon€™s sales manager told the sales staff to start offering 60-day credit terms rather than the 30-day terms now being offered. D€™Leon€™s competitors react by offering similar terms, so sales remain constant. What effect would this have on the cash account? How would the cash account be affected if sales doubled as a result of the credit policy change?
f. Can you imagine a situation in which the sales price exceeds the cost of producing and selling a unit of output, yet a dramatic increase in sales volume causes the cash balance to decline? Explain.
g. Did D€™Leon finance its expansion program with internally generated funds (additions to retained earnings plus depreciation) or with external capital? How does the choice of financing affect the company€™s financial strength?
h. Refer to Tables IC 3-2 and IC 3-4. Suppose D€™Leon broke even in 2008 in the sense that sales revenues equaled total operating costs plus interest charges. Would the asset expansion have caused the company to experience a cash shortage that required it to raise external capital?
i. If D€™Leon starts depreciating fixed assets over 7 years rather than 10 years, would that affect (1) the physical stock of assets, (2) the balance sheet account for fixed assets, (3) the company€™s reported net income, and (4) the company€™s cash position? Assume the same depreciation method is used for stockholder reporting and for tax calculations and that the accounting change has no effect on assets€™ physical lives.
j. Explain how earnings per share, dividends per share, and book value per share are calculated, and what they mean. Why does the market price per share not equal the book value per share?
k. Explain briefly the tax treatment of (1) interest and dividends paid, (2) interest earned and dividends received, (3) capital gains, and (4) tax loss carry-back and carry-forward. How might each of these items affect D€™Leon€™s taxes?

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Table IC 3 1 Balance Sheets 2008 2007 Assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventories $ 7,282 632,160 1287,360 $1,926,802 1.202,950 263,160 $ 939,790 2,866,592 $57,600 351,200 715 Total current assets Gross fixed assets Less accumulated depreciation 1,124,000 491,000 146,200 344,800 $1468,800 Net fixed assets Total assets Liabilities and Equity Accounts payable Notes payable Accruals 524,160 489,600 1,650,568 723,432 460,000 32,592 492,592 2866,592 145,600 200,000 136,000 481,600 323,432 460,000 203,768 663,768 $1468,800 Total current liabilities Long-term debt Common stock (100,000 shares) Retained earnings 2 Total equity Total liabilities and equity T a ble C 3 2 Income Statements 2008 2007 $6,034,000 5,528,000 519,988 Total operating costs excluding depreciation and amortization $6,047,988 116,960 S 130,948) 136,012 (S 266,960) Sales Cost of goods sold Other expenses Depreciation and amortization EBIT Interest expense EBT Taxes (40%) Net income $3,432,000 2,864,000 358,672 $3,222,672 18,900 190,428 43,828 146,600 58,640 (106,784)a (S 160,176) 87 EPS DPS Book value per share Stock price Shares outstanding Tax rate Lease payments Sinking fund payments (S 1.602) 0.110 4.926 $ 2.25 100,000 40.00% 40,000 $ 0.880 0.220 6.638 $ 8.50 100,000 40.00% 40,000 Table C 3 3 Statement of Stockholders Equity, 2008 Total Equity $663,768 COMMON STOCK Retained Stockholders Shares Amount Earnings $460,000 203,768 (160,176) (11,000) Balances, 12/31/07 100,000 2008 Net Income Cash Dividends Addition (Subtraction) to Retained Earnings Balances, 12/31/08 (171,176) 32,592 (171,176) $492,592 $460,000 Table C 3 4 Statement of Cash Flows, 2008 Operating Activities Net income Depreciation and amortization Increase in accounts payable Increase in accruals Increase in accounts receivable Increase in inventories ($160,176) 116,960 378,560 353,600 (280,960) (572160) ($164,176) Net cash provided by operating activities Long-Term Investing Activities Additions to property, plant, and equipment ($711950) ($711,950) Net cash used in investing activities Financing Activities Increase in notes payable Increase in long-term debt Payment of cash dividends 436808 400,000 (11000) $825808 Net cash provided by financing activities Summary Net decrease in cash Cash at beginning of year Cash at end of year (S 50318) 57600 7,282