Each of the following cases is independent.
1. Edward and Kris are unrelated individuals. Edward owns 80% of the issued shares of E Ltd. and 25% of the issued shares of Pro Ltd. Kris owns 20% of the issued shares of E Ltd. and 75% of the issued shares of Pro Ltd.
2. Jeremy owns 100% of the issued shares of J Ltd. which in turn owns 55% of the issued shares of K Ltd.
3. Al and Kevin are brothers. Al owns 100% of the issued shares of A Ltd. and 25% of the issued shares of K Ltd. The remaining shares of K Ltd. are owned by Kevin.
4. Robert and Raymond are brothers. They each own 50% of the issued shares of Barone Ltd. Raymond and his wife, Debra, each own 50% of the issued shares of Tee Ltd.
5. Kim and Kristin are cousins. They each own 35% of the issued shares of K Ltd. Their grandmother, Anna owns 100% of the issued shares of A Ltd. and the remaining 30% of the issued shares of K Ltd.
6. Clarence owns 100% of the issued shares of C Ltd. His two sons, Robert and Raymond, each own 50% of the issued common shares of R Ltd. Clarence helped finance R Ltd. by purchasing preference shares of R Ltd. The preference shares were issued to Clarence for $100,000 and are redeemable for the same amount. The preference shares are non-voting and have a non-cumulative dividend fixed at 3%, the prescribed rate in effect at the time the shares were issued. Clarence is the only owner of preference shares.
Required:
Determine which of the above corporations are associated. Support your answer with a reference from Section 256 of the Income Tax Act.