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engineering
mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

What is the air–fuel ratio? How is it related to the fuel–air ratio?
What are the causes of incomplete combustion?
Which is more likely to be found in the products of an incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, CO or OH? Why?
What does 100 percent theoretical air represent?
Are complete combustion and theoretical combustion identical? If not, how do they differ?
Methane (CH4) is burned with stoichiometric amount of air during a combustion process. Assuming complete combustion, determine the air–fuel and fuel–air ratios.
Propane (C3H8) is burned with 75 percent excess air during a combustion process. Assuming complete combustion, determine the air–fuel ratio.
Acetylene (C2H2) is burned with stoichiometric amount of air during a combustion process. Assuming complete combustion, determine the air–fuel ratio on a mass and on a mole basis.
One kmol of ethane (C2H6) is burned with an unknown amount of air during a combustion process. An analysis of the combustion products reveals that the combustion is complete, and there are 3 kmol of
Ethylene (C2H4) is burned with 200 percent theoretical air during a combustion process. Assuming complete combustion and a total pressure of 14.5 psia, determine (a) The air–fuel ratio and (b)
Propylene (C3H6) is burned with 50 percent excess air during a combustion process. Assuming complete combustion and a total pressure of 105 kPa, determine (a) The air–fuel ratio and (b) The
Propel alcohol (C3H7OH) is burned with 50 percent excess air. Write the balanced reaction equation for complete combustion and determine the air-to-fuel ratio.
Butane (C4H10) is burned in 200 percent theoretical air. For complete combustion, how many kmol of water must be sprayed into the combustion chamber per kmol of fuel if the products of combustion are
A fuel mixture of 20 percent by mass methane (CH4) and 80 percent by mass ethanol (C2H6O) is burned completely with theoretical air. If the total flow rate of the fuel is 31 kg/s, determine the
Octane (C8H18) is burned with 250 percent theoretical air, which enters the combustion chamber at 25°C. Assuming complete combustion and a total pressure of 1 atm, determine(a) The
Gasoline (assumed C8H18) is burned steadily with air in a jet engine. If the air–fuel ratio is 18 kg air/kg fuel, determine the percentage of theoretical air used during this process.
In a combustion chamber, ethane (C2H6) is burned at a rate of 8 kg/h with air that enters the combustion chamber at a rate of 176 kg/h. Determine the percentage of excess air used during this process.
One kilogram of butane (C4H10) is burned with 25 kg of air that is at 30°C and 90 kPa. Assuming that the combustion is complete and the pressure of the products is 90 kPa, determine (a) The
One lbm of butane (C4H10) is burned with 25 lbm of air that is at 90°F and 14.7 psia. Assuming that the combustion is complete and the pressure of the products is 14.7 psia, determine (a) The
A certain natural gas has the following volumetric analysis: 65 percent CH4, 8 percent H2, 18 percent N2, 3 percent O2, and 6 percent CO2. This gas is now burned completely with the stoichiometric
Repeat Prob. 15–27 by replacing the dry air by moist air that enters the combustion chamber at 25°C, 1 atm, and 85 percent relative humidity.
A gaseous fuel with a volumetric analysis of 60 percent CH4, 30 percent H2, and 10 percent N2 is burned to completion with 130 percent theoretical air. Determine (a) The air–fuel ratio and (b)
Reconsider Prob. 15–29. Using EES (or other) software, study the effects of varying the percentages of CH4, H2, and N2 making up the fuel and the product gas temperature in the range 5 to 150°C.
A certain coal has the following analysis on a mass basis: 82 percent C, 5 percent H2O, 2 percent H2, 1 percent O2, and 10 percent ash. The coal is burned with 50 percent excess air. Determine the
Octane (C8H18) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products on a dry basis is 9.21 percent CO2, 0.61 percent CO, 7.06 percent O2, and 83.12 percent N2. Determine (a) The
Carbon (C) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products is 10.06 percent CO2, 0.42 percent CO, 10.69 percent O2, and 78.83 percent N2. Determine (a) The air–fuel ratio and
Methane (CH4) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products on a dry basis is 5.20 percent CO2, 0.33 percent CO, 11.24 percent O2, and 83.23 percent N2. Determine (a) The
What is enthalpy of combustion? How does it differ from the enthalpy of reaction?
What is enthalpy of formation? How does it differ from the enthalpy of combustion?
What are the higher and the lower heating values of a fuel? How do they differ? How is the heating value of a fuel related to the enthalpy of combustion of that fuel?
When are the enthalpy of formation and the enthalpy of combustion identical?
The hf of N2 is listed as zero. Does this mean that N2 contains no chemical energy at the standard reference state?
Which contains more chemical energy, 1 kmol of H2 or 1 kmol of H2O?
Determine the enthalpy of combustion of methane (CH4) at 25°C and 1 atm, using the enthalpy of formation data from Table A–26. Assume that the water in the products is in the liquid form. Compare
Reconsider Prob. 15–42. Using EES (or other) software, study the effect of temperature on the enthalpy of combustion. Plot the enthalpy of combustion as a function of temperature over the range 25
Repeat Prob. 15–42 for gaseous ethane (C2H6).
Repeat Prob. 15–42 for liquid octane (C8H18).
Derive an energy balance relation for a reacting closed system undergoing a quasi-equilibrium constant pressure expansion or compression process.
Consider a complete combustion process during which both the reactants and the products are maintained at the same state. Combustion is achieved with (a) 100 percent theoretical air, (b) 200
Consider a complete combustion process during which the reactants enter the combustion chamber at 20°C and the products leave at 700°C. Combustion is achieved with (a) 100 percent theoretical
Methane (CH4) is burned completely with the stoichiometric amount of air during a steady-flow combustion process. If both the reactants and the products are maintained at 25°C and 1 atm and the
Hydrogen (H2) is burned completely with the stoichiometric amount of air during a steady-flow combustion process. If both the reactants and the products are maintained at 25°C and 1 atm and the
Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 25°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 150 percent excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 12°C. If the
Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 77°F at a rate of 0.75 lbm/min where it is mixed and burned with 150 percent excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 40°, if the
Acetylene gas (C2H2) is burned completely with 20 percent excess air during a steady-flow combustion process. The fuel and air enter the combustion chamber at 25°C, and the products leave at 1500 K.
Liquid octane (C8H18) at 77°F is burned completely during a steady-flow combustion process with 180 percent theoretical air that enters the combustion chamber at 77°F. If the products leave at 2500
Benzene gas (C6H6) at 25°C is burned during a steady-flow combustion process with 95 percent theoretical air that enters the combustion chamber at 25°C. All the hydrogen in the fuel burns to H2O,
Diesel fuel (C12H26) at 25°C is burned in a steady flow combustion chamber with 20 percent excess air that also enters at 25°C. The products leave the combustion chamber at 500 K. Assuming
Diesel fuel (C12H26) at 77°F is burned in a steady flow combustion chamber with 20 percent excess air that also enters at 77°F. The products leave the combustion chamber at 800 R. Assuming
Octane gas (C8H18) at 25°C is burned steadily with 30 percent excess air at 25°C, 1 atm, and 60 percent relative humidity. Assuming combustion is complete and the products leave the combustion
Reconsider Prob. 15–58. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the amount of excess air on the heat transfer for the combustion process. Let the excess air vary from 0 to 200
Ethane gas (C2H6) at 25°C is burned in a steady-flow combustion chamber at a rate of 5 kg/h with the stoichiometric amount of air, which is preheated to 500 K before entering the combustion
A constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 120 g of methane (CH4) gas and 600 g of O2 at 25°C and 200 kPa. The contents of the tank are now ignited, and the methane gas burns completely. If the
Reconsider Prob. 15–61. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the final temperature on the final pressure and the heat transfer for the combustion process. Let the final
A closed combustion chamber is designed so that it maintains a constant pressure of 300 kPa during a combustion process. The combustion chamber has an initial volume of 0.5 m3 and contains a
A constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 1 kmol of benzene (C6H6) gas and 30 percent excess air at 25°C and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are now ignited, and all the hydrogen in the fuel
A constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 1 lb mol of benzene (C6H6) gas and 30 percent excess air at 77°F and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are now ignited, and all the hydrogen in the fuel
To supply heated air to a house, a high-efficiency gas furnace burns gaseous propane (C3H8) with a combustion efficiency of 96 percent. Both the fuel and 140 percent theoretical air are supplied to
Liquid ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH( )) at 25°C is burned in a steady-flow combustion chamber with 40 percent excess air that also enters at 25°C. The products leave the combustion chamber at 600 K.
A fuel is completely burned first with the stoichiometric amount of air and then with the stoichiometric amount of pure oxygen. For which case will the adiabatic flame temperature be higher?
Hydrogen (H2) at 7°C is burned with 20 percent excess air that is also at 7°C during an adiabatic steady-flow combustion process. Assuming complete combustion, determine the exit temperature
Reconsider Prob. 15–70. Using EES (or other) software, modify this problem to include the fuels butane, ethane, methane, and propane as well as H2; to include the effects of inlet air and fuel
Hydrogen (H2) at 40°F is burned with 20 percent excess air that is also at 40°F during an adiabatic steady-flow combustion process. Assuming complete combustion, find the exit temperature of the
Acetylene gas (C2H2) at 25°C is burned during a steady-flow combustion process with 30 percent excess air at 27°C. It is observed that 75,000 kJ of heat is being lost from the combustion chamber to
An adiabatic constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 1 kmol of hydrogen (H2) gas and the stoichiometric amount of air at 25°C and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are now ignited. Assuming
Octane gas (C8H18) at 25°C is burned steadily with 30 percent excess air at 25°C, 1 atm, and 60 percent relative humidity. Assuming combustion is complete and adiabatic calculate the exit
Reconsider Prob. 15–75. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the relative humidity on the exit temperature of the product gases. Plot the exit temperature of the product gases
Express the increase of entropy principle for chemically reacting systems.
How are the absolute entropy values of ideal gases at pressures different from 1 atm determined?
One kmol of H2 at 25°C and 1 atm is burned steadily with 0.5 kmol of O2 at the same state. The H2O formed during the process is then brought to 25°C and 1 atm, the conditions of the surroundings.
Ethylene (C2H4) gas enters an adiabatic combustion chamber at 25°C and 1 atm and is burned with 20 percent excess air that enters at 25°C and 1 atm. The combustion is complete, and the products
Liquid octane (C8H18) enters a steady-flow combustion chamber at 25°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.25 kg/min. It is burned with 50 percent excess air that also enters at 25°C and 1 atm. After
Acetylene gas (C2H2) is burned completely with 20 percent excess air during a steady-flow combustion process. The fuel and the air enter the combustion chamber separately at 25°C and 1 atm, and heat
A steady-flow combustion chamber is supplied with CO gas at 37°C and 110 kPa at a rate of 0.4 m3/min and air at 25°C and 110 kPa at a rate of 1.5 kg/min. Heat is transferred to a medium at 800 K,
Benzene gas (C6H6) at 1 atm and 77°F is burned during a steady-flow combustion process with 95 percent theoretical air that enters the combustion chamber at 77°F and 1 atm. All the hydrogen in the
Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a steady-flow combustion chamber at 25°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.4 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 150 percent excess air that enters the combustion chamber at
Reconsider Prob. 15–86. Using EES (or other) software study the effect of varying the surroundings temperature from 0 to 38°C on the rate of energy destruction, and plot it as a function of
A 1-g sample of a certain fuel is burned in a bomb calorimeter that contains 2 kg of water in the presence of 100 g of air in the reaction chamber. If the water temperature rises by 2.5°C when
Hydrogen (H2) is burned with 100 percent excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 90°F, 14.5 psia, and 60 percent relative humidity. Assuming complete combustion, determine (a) The
A gaseous fuel with 80 percent CH4, 15 percent N2, and 5 percent O2 (on a mole basis) is burned to completion with 120 percent theoretical air that enters the combustion chamber at 30°C, 100 kPa,
A gaseous fuel with 80 percent CH4, 15 percent N2, and 5 percent O2 (on a mole basis) is burned with dry air that enters the combustion chamber at 25°C and 100 kPa. The volumetric analysis of the
A steady-flow combustion chamber is supplied with CO gas at 37°C and 110 kPa at a rate of 0.4 m3/min and air at 25°C and 110 kPa at a rate of 1.5 kg/min. The combustion products leave the
Methane gas (CH4) at 25°C is burned steadily with dry air that enters the combustion chamber at 17°C. The volumetric analysis of the products on a dry basis is 5.20 percent CO2, 0.33 percent CO,
A 6-m3 rigid tank initially contains a mixture of 1 kmol of hydrogen (H2) gas and the stoichiometric amount of air at 25°C. The contents of the tank are ignited, and all the hydrogen in the fuel
Propane gas (C3H8) enters a steady-flow combustion chamber at 1 atm and 25°C and is burned with air that enters the combustion chamber at the same state. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature
Determine the highest possible temperature that can be obtained when liquid gasoline (assumed C8H18) at 25°C is burned steadily with air at 25°C and 1 atm. What would your answer be if pure oxygen
Determine the work potential of 1 lb mol of diesel fuel (C12H26) at 77°F and 1 atm in an environment at the same state.
Liquid octane (C8H18) enters a steady-flow combustion chamber at 25°C and 8 atm at a rate of 0.8 kg/min. It is burned with 200 percent excess air that is compressed and preheated to 500 K and 8 atm
The combustion of a fuel usually results in an increase in pressure when the volume is held constant, or an increase in volume when the pressure is held constant, because of the increase in the
Reconsider Prob. 15–99. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial volume of the combustion chamber over the range 0.1 to 2.0 liters on the results. Plot the maximum
Repeat Prob. 15–99 using methane (CH4 (g)) as the fuel instead of methyl alcohol.
A mixture of 40 percent by volume methane (CH4), and 60 percent by volume propane (C3H8), is burned completely with theoretical air and leaves the combustion chamber at 100°C. The products have a
Liquid propane (C3H8(ℓ)) enters a combustion chamber at 25°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.4 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 150 percent excess air that enters the combustion chamber at
A gaseous fuel mixture of 30 percent propane (C3H8), and 70 percent butane (C4H10), on a volume basis is burned in air such that the air–fuel ratio is 20 kg air/kg fuel when the combustion process
A liquid–gas fuel mixture consists of 90 percent octane (C8H18), and 10 percent alcohol (C2H5OH), by moles. This fuel is burned with 200 percent theoretical dry air. Write the balanced reaction
The furnace of a particular power plant can be considered to consist of two chambers: an adiabatic combustion chamber where the fuel is burned completely and adiabatically and a heat exchanger where
A consist of two chambers: an adiabatic combustion chamber where the fuel is burned completely and adiabatically and a counter flow heat exchanger where heat is transferredto a reversible heat
Using EES (or other) software, determine the effect of the amount of air on the adiabatic flame temperature of liquid octane (C8H18). Assume both the air and the octane is initially at 25°C.
Using EES (or other) software, write a general program to determine the heat transfer during the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel (CnHm) at 25°C in a steady-flow combustion chamber when the
Using EES (or other) software, write a general program to determine the adiabatic flame temperature during the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel (CnHm) at 25°C in a steady-flow combustion

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