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mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

Consider an ideal Sterling-cycle engine in which the pressure and temperature at the beginning of the isothermal compression process are 14.7 lbf/in 2, 80 F, the compression ratio is 6, and the
An ideal air-standard Sterling cycle uses helium as working fluid. The isothermal compression brings the helium from 15 lbf/in 2, 70 F to 90 lbf/in 2. The expansion takes place at 2100 R and there is
The air-standard Carnot cycle was not shown in the text; show the T–s diagram for this cycle. In an air-standard Carnot cycle the low temperature is 500 R and the efficiency is 60%. If the pressure
Air in a piston/cylinder goes through a Carnot cycle in which TL 80.3 F and the total cycle efficiency is 2/3. Find TH, the specific work and volume
Consider an ideal refrigeration cycle that has a condenser temperature of 110 F and an evaporator temperature of 5 F. Determine the coefficient of performance of this refrigerator for the working
The environmentally safe refrigerant R-134a is one of the replacements for R-12 in refrigeration systems. Repeat Problem 11.149 using R-134a and compare the result with that for R-12.
Consider an ideal heat pump that has a condenser temperature of 120 F and an evaporator temperature of 30 F. Determine the coefficient of performance of this heat pump for the working fluids R-12,
The refrigerant R-22 is used as the working fluid in a conventional heat pump cycle. Saturated vapor enters the compressor of this unit at 50 F; its exit temperature from the compressor is measured
Consider a small ammonia absorption refrigeration cycle that is powered by solar energy and is to be used as an air conditioner. Saturated vapor ammonia leaves the generator at 120 F, and saturated
Consider an ideal dual-loop heat-powered refrigeration cycle using R-12 as the working fluid, as shown in Fig. P11.109. Saturated vapor at 220 F leaves the boiler and expands in the turbine to the
(Adv) Find the availability of the water at all four states in the Rankine cycle described in Problem 11.121. Assume the high-temperature source is 900 F and the low-temperature reservoir is at 65 F.
A gas mixture at 20C, 125 kPa is 50% N2, 30% H2O and 20% O2 on a mole basis. Find the mass fractions, the mixture gas constant and the volume for 5 kg of mixture.
A 100 m3 storage tank with fuel gases is at 20C, 100 kPa containing a mixture of acetylene C2H2, propane C3H8 and butane C4H10. A test shows the partial pressure of the C2H2 is 15 kPa and
A mixture of 60% N2, 30% Ar and 10% O2 on a mole basis is in a cylinder at 250kPa, 310 K and volume 0.5 m3. Find the mass fractions and the mass of argon.
A carbureted internal combustion engine is converted to run on methane gas (natural gas). The air-fuel ratio in the cylinder is to be 20 to 1 on a mass basis. How many moles of oxygen per mole of
Weighing of masses gives a mixture at 60C, 225 kPa with 0.5 kg O2, 1.5 kg N2 and 0.5 kg CH4. Find the partial pressures of each component, the mixture specific volume (mass basis), mixture
At a certain point in a coal gasification process, a sample of the gas is taken and stored in a 1-L cylinder. An analysis of the mixture yields the following results: Component H2 CO CO2
A pipe, cross sectional area 0.1 m2, carries a flow of 75% O2 and 25% N2 by mole with a velocity of 25 m/s at 200 kPa, 290 K. To install and operate a mass flow meter it is necessary to know the
A pipe flows 0.05 k mole a second mixture with mole fractions of 40% CO2 and 60% N2 at 400 kPa, 300 K. Heating tape is wrapped around a section of pipe with insulation added and 2 kW electrical
A rigid insulated vessel contains 0.4 kmol of oxygen at 200 kPa, 280 K separated by a membrane from 0.6 kmol carbon dioxide at 400 kPa, 360 K. The membrane is removed and the mixture comes to a
An insulated gas turbine receives a mixture of 10% CO2, 10% H2O and 80% N2 on a mole basis at 1000 K, 500 kPa. The volume flow rate is 2 m3/s and its exhaust is at 700 K, 100 kPa. Find the power
Solve Problem 12.10 using the values of enthalpy from Table A.8.
Consider Problem 12.10 and find the value for the mixture heat capacity, mole basis and the mixture ratio of specific heats, kmix, both estimated at 850 K from values (differences) of h in Table A.8.
The gas mixture from Problem 12.6 is compressed in a reversible adiabatic process from the initial state in the sample cylinder to a volume of 0.2 L. Determine the final temperature of the mixture
Three SSSF flows are mixed in an adiabatic chamber at 150 kPa. Flow one is 2 kg/s of O2 at 340 K, flow two is 4 kg/s of N2 at 280 K and flow three is 3 kg/s of CO2 at 310 K. All flows are at 150 kPa
Carbon dioxide gas at 320 K is mixed with nitrogen at 280 K in a SSSF insulated mixing chamber. Both flows are at 100 kPa and the mole ratio of carbon dioxide to nitrogen is 2; 1. Find the exit
A piston/cylinder contains 0.5 kg argon and 0.5 kg hydrogen at 300 K, 100 kPa. The mixture is compressed in an adiabatic process to 400 kPa by an external force on the piston. Find the final
Natural gas as a mixture of 75% methane and 25% ethane by volume is flowing to a compressor at 17C, 100 kPa. The reversible adiabatic compressor brings the flow to 250 kPa. Find the exit
Take Problem 12.15 with inlet temperature of 1400 K for the carbon dioxide and 300 K for the nitrogen. First estimate the exit temperature with the specific heats from Table A.5 and use this to start
A mixture of 60% helium and 40% nitrogen by volume enters a turbine at 1 MPa, 800 K at a rate of 2 kg/s. The adiabatic turbine has an exit pressure of 100 kPa and an isentropic efficiency of 85%.
A mixture of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% water by mass is brought from 1500 K, 1 MPa to 500 K, 200 kPa in a polytropic process through a SSSF device. Find the necessary heat transfer and work involved
Solve Problem 12.20 using specific heats CP = h/T, from Table A.8 at 1000 K.
A 50/50 (by mole) gas mixture of methane CH4 and ethylene C2H4 is contained in a cylinder/piston at the initial state 480 kPa, 330 K, 1.05 m3. The piston is now moved, compressing the mixture in a
A mixture of 2 kg oxygen and 2 kg of argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement at 100 kPa, 300 K. The piston now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume. Find the final pressure,
Two insulated tanks A and B are connected by a valve. Tank A has a volume of 1 m3 and initially contains argon at 300 kPa, 10C. Tank B has a volume of 2 m3 and initially contains ethane at
Reconsider the Problem 12.24, but let the tanks have a small amount of heat transfer so the final mixture is at 400 K. Find the final pressure, the heat transfer and the entropy change for the
A piston/cylinder contains helium at 110 kPa at ambient temperature 20C, and initial volume of 20 L. The stops are mounted to give a maximum volume of 25 L and the nitrogen line conditions
Repeat Problem 12.17 for an isentropic compressor efficiency of 82%.
A spherical balloon has an initial diameter of 1 m and contains argon gas at 200 kPa, 40C. The balloon is connected by a valve to a 500-L rigid tank containing carbon dioxide at 100 kPa,
A large SSSF air separation plant takes in ambient air (79% N2, 21% O2 by volume) at 100 kPa, 20C, at a rate of 1 kmol/s. It discharges a stream of pure O2 gas at 200 kPa, 100C, and a
An insulated vertical cylinder is fitted with a frictionless constant loaded piston of cross sectional area 0.1 m2 and the initial cylinder height of 1.0 m. The cylinder contains methane gas at 300
The only known sources of helium are the atmosphere (mole fraction approximately 5 106) and natural gas. A large unit is being constructed to separate 100 m3/s of natural gas,
A steady flow of 0.01 k mol/s of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% water at 1200K and 200 kPa is used in a heat exchanger where 300 kW is extracted from the flow. Find the flow exit temperature and the rate
An insulated rigid 2 m3 tank A contains CO2 gas at 200C, 1MPa. An uninsulated rigid 1 m3 tank B contains ethane, C2H6, gas at 200 kPa, room temperature 20C. The two are connected by a
A tank has two sides initially separated by a diaphragm. Side A contains 1 kg of water and side B contains 1.2 kg of air, both at 20C, 100 kPa. The diaphragm is now broken and the whole tank
A 0.2 m3 insulated, rigid vessel is divided into two equal parts A and B by an insulated partition. The partition will support a pressure difference of 400 kPa before breaking. Side A contains
Consider 100 m3 of atmospheric air which is an air–water vapor mixture at 100 kPa, 15C, and 40% relative humidity. Find the mass of water and the humidity ratio. What is the dew point of
The products of combustion are flowing through a SSSF heat exchanger with 12% CO2, 13% H2O and 75% N2 on a volume basis at the rate 0.1 kg/s and 100 kPa. What is the dew-point temperature? If the
A new high-efficiency home heating system includes an air-to-air heat exchanger which uses energy from outgoing stale air to heat the fresh incoming air. If the outside ambient temperature is
Consider 100 m3 of atmospheric air at 100 kPa, 25C, and 80% relative humidity. Assume this is brought into a basement room where it cools to 15C, 100 kPa. How much liquid water will
A flow of 2 kg/s completely dry air at T1, 100 kPa is cooled down to 10C by spraying liquid water at 10C, 100 kPa into it so it becomes saturated moist air at 10C. The process
A piston/cylinder has 100 kg of saturated moist air at 100 kPa, 5C. If it is heated to 45C in an isobaric process, find 1Q2 and the final relative humidity. If it is compressed from
A flow moist air at 100 kPa, 40C, 40% relative humidity is cooled to 15C in a constant pressure SSSF device. Find the humidity ratio of the inlet and the exit flow, and the heat
Ambient moist air enters a steady-flow air-conditioning unit at 102 kPa, 30C, with a 60% relative humidity. The volume flow rate entering the unit is 100 L/s. The moist air leaves the unit at
A steady supply of 1.0 m3/s air at 25C, 100 kPa, 50% relative humidity is needed to heat a building in the winter. The outdoor ambient is at 10C, 100 kPa, 50% relative humidity. What
Consider a 500-L rigid tank containing an air–water vapor mixture at 100 kPa, 35C, with a 70% relative humidity. The system is cooled until the water just begins to condense. Determine the
Air in a piston/cylinder is at 35C, 100 kPa and a relative humidity of 80%. It is now compressed to a pressure of 500 kPa in a constant temperature process. Find the final relative and
A 300-L rigid vessel initially contains moist air at 150 kPa, 40C, with a relative humidity of 10%. A supply line connected to this vessel by a valve carries steam at 600 kPa, 200C.
A combination air cooler and dehumidification unit receives outside ambient air at 35C, 100 kPa, 90% relative humidity. The moist air is first cooled to a low temperature T2 to condense the
A rigid container, 10 m3 in volume, contains moist air at 45C, 100 kPa, 40%. The container is now cooled to 5C. Neglect the volume of any
A saturated air-water vapor mixture at 20 oC, 100 kPa, is contained in a 5-m3 closed tank in equilibrium with 1 kg of liquid water. The tank is heated to 80oC. Is there any liquid water in the final
An air-water vapor mixture enters a steady flow heater humidifier unit at state 1: 10C, 10% relative humidity, at the rate of 1 m3/s. A second air-vapor stream enters the unit at state 2:
In a hot and dry climate, air enters an air-conditioner unit at 100 kPa, 40C, and 5% relative humidity, at the steady rate of 1.0 m3/s. Liquid water at 20C is sprayed into the air in
A water-filled reactor of 1 m3 is at 20 MPa, 360C and located inside an insulated containment room of 100 m3 that contains air at 100 kPa and 25C. Due to a failure the reactor
Use the psychrometric chart to find the missing property of: Twet, Tdry. a. Tdry = 25C, =80% b. Tdry =15C,
Use the psychrometric chart to find the missing property of: Twet, Tdry a. = 50%, = 0.012 b. Twet =15C,
For each of the states in Problem 12.55 find the dew point temperature.
One means of air-conditioning hot summer air is by evaporative cooling, which is a process similar to the SSSF adiabatic saturation process. Consider outdoor ambient air at 35C, 100 kPa 30%
Use the formulas and the steam tables to find the missing property of: and Tdry, total pressure is 100 kPa; repeat the answers using the psychrometric
Compare the weather two places where it is cloudy and breezy. At beach A it is 20C, 103.5 kPa, relative humidity 90% and beach B has 25C, 99 kPa, relative humidity 20%. Suppose you
Ambient air at 100 kPa, 30C, 40% relative humidity goes through a constant pressure heat exchanger in a SSSF process. In one case it is heated to 45C and in another case it is cooled
A flow, 0.2 kg/s dry air, of moist air at 40C, 50% relative humidity flows from the outside state 1 down into a basement where it cools to 16C, state 2. Then it flows up to the living
A flow of air at 5C, 90%, is brought into a house, where it is conditioned to 25C, 60% relative humidity. This is done in a SSSF process with a
Atmospheric air at 35C, relative humidity of 10%, is too warm and also too dry. An air conditioner should deliver air at 21C and 50% relative humidity in the amount of 3600 m3 per
In a car’s defrost/defog system atmospheric air, 21C, relative humidity 80%, is taken in and cooled such that liquid water drips out. The now dryer air is heated to 41C and then
Two moist air streams with 85% relative humidity, both flowing at a rate of 0.1 kg/s of dry air are mixed in a SSSF setup. One inlet flow stream is at 32.5C and the other at 16C. Find
A flow of moist air at 21C, 60% relative humidity should be produced from mixing of two different moist air flows. Flow 1 is at 10C, relative humidity 80% and flow 2 is at 32C
Consider two states of atmospheric air. (1) 35C, Twet 18C and (2) 26.5C, = 60%. Suggest a system of devices that will allow air in a SSSF
An insulated tank has an air inlet, 1 0.0084, and an outlet, T2 22C, 2 = 90% both at 100 kPa. A third line sprays 0.25 kg/s of water at
You have just washed your hair and now blow dry it in a room with 23C, = 60%, (1). The dryer, 500 W, heats the air to 49C, (2), blows it through your hair where the
A water-cooling tower for a power plant cools 45C liquid water by evaporation. The tower receives air at 19.5C, 30%, 100 kPa that is blown through/over
An indoor pool evaporates 1.512 kg/h of water, which is removed by a dehumidifier to maintain 21C, 70% in the room. The dehumidifier, shown in Fig P12.71, is a
To refresh air in a room, a counter flow heat exchanger, is mounted in the wall, drawing in outside air at 0.5C, 80% relative humidity and pushing out room air, 40C, 50% relative
Steam power plants often utilize large cooling towers to cool the condenser cooling water so it can be re-circulated. The process is essentially evaporative adiabatic cooling, in which part of the
A semi permeable membrane is used for the partial removal of oxygen from air that is blown through a grain elevator storage facility. Ambient air (79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen on a mole basis) is
A 100-L insulated tank contains N2 gas at 200 kPa and ambient temperature 25C. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line flowing CO2 at 1.2 MPa, 90C. A mixture
A cylinder/piston loaded with a linear spring contains saturated moist air at 120 kPa, 0.1 m3 volume and also 0.01 kg of liquid water, all at ambient temperature 20C. The piston area is 0.2
Consider the previous problem and additionally determine the heat transfer. Show that the process does not violate the second law.
The air-conditioning by evaporative cooling is modified by adding a dehumidification process before the water spray cooling process. This dehumidification is achieved as shown in Fig. P12.78 by using
A vertical cylinder is fitted with a piston held in place by a pin. The initial volume is 200 L and the cylinder contains moist air at 100 kPa, 25C, with wet-bulb temperature of 15C.
Ambient air is at a condition of 100 kPa, 35C, 50% relative humidity. A steady stream of air at 100 kPa, 23C, 70% relative humidity, is to be produced by first cooling one stream to
A gas mixture at 70 F, 18 lbf/in 2 is 50% N2, 30% H2O and 20% O2 on a mole basis. Find the mass fractions, the mixture gas constant and the volume for 10 lbm of mixture.
Weighing of masses gives a mixture at 80 F, 35 lbf/in 2 with 1 lbm O2, 3 lbm N2 and 1 lbm CH4. Find the partial pressures of each component, the mixture specific volume (mass basis), mixture
A pipe flow 0.15 lb mol a second mixture with mole fractions of 40% CO2 and 60% N2 at 60 lbf/in 2, 540 R. Heating tape is wrapped around a section of pipe with insulation added and 2 Btu/s electrical
An insulated gas turbine receives a mixture of 10% CO2, 10% H2O and 80% N2 on a mole basis at 1800 R, 75 lbf/in 2. The volume flow rate is 70 ft3/s and its exhaust is at 1300 R, 15 lbf/in 2. Find the
Solve Problem 12.84 using the values of enthalpy from Table C.7.
Carbon dioxide gas at 580 R is mixed with nitrogen at 500 R in a SSSF insulated mixing chamber. Both flows are at 14.7 lbf/in 2 and the mole ratio of carbon dioxide to nitrogen is 2; 1. Find the exit
A mixture of 60% helium and 40% nitrogen by volume enters a turbine at 150 lbf/in 2, 1500 R at a rate of 4 lbm/s. The adiabatic turbine has an exit pressure of 15 lbf/in 2 and an isentropic
A mixture of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% water by mass is brought from 2800 R, 150 lbf/in 2 to 900 R, 30 lbf/in 2 in a polytropic process through a SSSF device. Find the necessary heat transfer and
A mixture of 4 lbm oxygen and 4 lbm of argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement at 14.7 lbf/in 2, 540 R. The piston now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume. Find the final

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