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mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

A condenser (heat exchanger) brings 1 kg/s water flow at 10 kPa from 300C to saturated liquid at 10 kPa. The cooling is done by lake water at 20C that returns to the lake at
Two kg of water at 500 kPa, 20C is heated in a constant pressure process (SSSF) to 1700C. Find the best estimate for the heat transfer.
A mixing chamber with heat transfer receives 2 kg/s of R-22 at 1 MPa, 40C in one line and 1 kg/s of R-22 at 30C, quality 50% in a line with a valve. The outgoing flow is at 1 MPa,
Compressed liquid R-22 at 1.5 MPa, 10C is mixed in a steady-state, steady-flow process with saturated vapor R-22 at 1.5 MPa. Both flow rates are 0.1 kg/s, and the exiting flow is at 1.2 MPa
Nitrogen gas flows into a convergent nozzle at 200 kPa, 400 K and very low velocity. It flows out of the nozzle at 100 kPa, 330 K. If the nozzle is insulated find the exit velocity.
Superheated vapor ammonia enters an insulated nozzle at 20C, 800 kPa, with a low velocity and at the steady rate of 0.01 kg/s. The ammonia exits at 300 kPa with a velocity of 450 m/s.
A diffuser has air entering at 100 kPa, 300 K, with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet cross-sectional area of the diffuser is 100 mm2. At the exit, the area is 860 mm2, and the exit velocity is 20
A diffuser receives an ideal gas flow at 100 kPa, 300 K with a velocity of 250 m/s and the exit velocity is 25 m/s. Determine the exit temperature if the gas is argon, helium or nitrogen.
The front of a jet engine acts as a diffuser receiving air at 900 km/h, -5C, 50 kPa, bringing it to 80 m/s relative to the engine before entering the compressor. If the flow area is reduced
Helium is throttled from 1.2 MPa, 20C, to a pressure of 100 kPa. The diameter of the exit pipe is so much larger than the inlet pipe that the inlet and exit velocities are equal. Find the
Water flowing in a line at 400 kPa, saturated vapor, is taken out through a valve to 100 kPa. What is the temperature as it leaves the valve assuming no changes in kinetic energy and no heat transfer?
Methane at 3 MPa, 300 K, is throttled to 100 kPa. Calculate the exit temperature assuming no changes in the kinetic energy and ideal-gas behavior. Repeat the answer for real-gas behavior.
Water at 1.5 MPa, 150C, is throttled adiabatically through a valve to 200 kPa. The inlet velocity is 5 m/s, and the inlet and exit pipe diameters are the same. Determine the state and the
An insulated mixing chamber receives 2 kg/s R-134a at 1 MPa, 100C in a line with low velocity. Another line with R-134a as saturated liquid 60C flows through a valve to the mixing
A mixing chamber receives 2 kg/s R-134a at 1 MPa, 100C in a line with low velocity and 1 kg/s from a line with R-134a as saturated liquid 60C flows through a valve to the mixing
A steam turbine receives water at 15 MPa, 600C at a rate of 100 kg/s, shown in Fig. P6.29. In the middle section 20 kg/s is withdrawn at 2 MPa, 350C, and the rest exits the turbine at
A small, high-speed turbine operating on compressed air produces a power output of 100 W. The inlet state is 400 kPa, 50C, and the exit state is 150 kPa, 30C. Assuming the
A steam turbine receives steam from two boilers. One flow is 5 kg/s at 3 MPa, 700C and the other flow is 15 kg/s at 800 kPa, 500C. The exit state is 10 kPa, with a quality of 96%.
A small turbine, shown in Fig P6.32, is operated at part load by throttling a 0.25 kg/s steam supply at 1.4 MPa, 250C down to 1.1 MPa before it enters the turbine and the exhaust is at 10
Hoover Dam across the Colorado River dams up Lake Mead 200 m higher than the river downstream. The electric generators driven by water-powered turbines deliver 1300 MW of power. If the water is
A large SSSF expansion engine has two low velocity flows of water entering. High pressure steam enters at point 1 with 2.0 kg/s at 2 MPa, 500C and 0.5 kg/s cooling water at 120 kPa,
A small water pump is used in an irrigation system. The pump takes water in from a river at 10C, 100 kPa at a rate of 5 kg/s. The exit line enters a pipe that goes up to an elevation 20 m
The compressor of a large gas turbine receives air from the ambient at 95 kPa, 20C, with a low velocity. At the compressor discharge, air exits at 1.52 MPa, 430C, with velocity of 90
Two steady flow of air enters a control volume, shown in Fig. P6.37. One is 0.025 kg/s flow at 350 kPa, 150C, state 1, and the other enters at 350 kPa, 15C, both flows with low
An air compressor takes in air at 100 kPa, 17C and delivers it at 1 MPa, 600 K to a constant-pressure cooler, which it exits at 300 K. Find the specific compressor work and the specific heat
The following data are for a simple steam power plant as shown in Fig. P6.39 State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P MPa 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 0.01 0.009 T C 45 175 500 490 40
For the same steam power plant and Problem 6.39, determine the rate of heat transfer in the economizer which is a low temperature heat exchanger and the steam generator. Determine also the flow rate
Cogeneration is often used where a steam supply is needed for industrial process energy. Assume a supply of 5 kg/s steam at 0.5 MPa is needed. Rather than generating this from a pump and boiler, the
A somewhat simplified flow diagram for a nuclear power plant shown in Fig. 1.4 is given in Fig. P6.42. Mass flow rates and the various states in the cycle are shown in the accompanying table. The
Consider the power plant as described in the previous problem.a. Determine the quality of the steam leaving the reactor.b. What is the power to the pump that feeds water to the reactor?
Consider the power plant as described in Problem 6.42.a. Determine the temperature of the water leaving the intermediate pressure heater, T13, assuming no heat transfer to the surroundings.b.
Consider the power plant as described in Problem 6.42.a. Find the power removed in the condenser by the cooling water (not shown).b. Find the power to the condensate pump.c. Do the energy terms
A proposal is made to use a geothermal supply of hot water to operate a steam turbine, as shown in Fig. P6.46. The high-pressure water at 1.5 MPa, 180C, is throttled into a flash evaporator
A R-12 heat pump cycle shown in Fig P6.47 has a R-12 flow rate of 0.05 kg/s with 4 kW into the compressor. The following data are givenCalculate the heat transfer from the compressor, the heat
A rigid 100-L tank contains air at 1 MPa, 200C. A valve on the tank is now opened and air flows out until the pressure drops to 100 kPa. During this process, heat is transferred from a heat
A 25-L tank that is initially evacuated is connected by a valve to an air supply line flowing air at 20C, 800 kPa. The valve is opened, and air flows into the tank until the pressure reaches
A 100-L rigid tank contains carbon dioxide gas at 1 MPa, 300 K. A valve is cracked open, and carbon dioxide escapes slowly until the tank pressure has dropped to 500 kPa. At this point the valve is
A 1-m3 tank contains ammonia at 150 kPa, 25C. The tank is attached to a line flowing ammonia at 1200 kPa, 60C. The valve is opened, and mass flows in until the tank is half full of
A nitrogen line, 300 K and 0.5 MPa, is connected to a turbine that exhausts to a closed initially empty tank of 50 m3. The turbine operates to a tank pressure of 0.5 MPa, at which point the
An evacuated 150-L tank is connected to a line flowing air at room temperature, 25C, and 8 MPa pressure. The valve is opened allowing air to flow into the tank until the pressure inside is 6
A 0.5-m diameter balloon containing air at 200 kPa, 300 K, is attached by a valve to an air line flowing air at 400 kPa, 400 K. The valve is now opened, allowing air to flow into the balloon until
A 500-L insulated tank contains air at 40C, 2 MPa. A valve on the tank is opened, and air escapes until half the original mass is gone, at which point the valve is closed. What is the
A steam engine based on a turbine is shown in Fig. P6.56. The boiler tank has a volume of 100 L and initially contains saturated liquid with a very small amount of vapor at 100 kPa. Heat is now added
A 2-m3 insulated vessel contains saturated vapor steam at 4 MPa. A valve on the top of the tank is opened, and steam is allowed to escape. During the process any liquid formed collects at the bottom
A 1-m3 insulated, 40-kg rigid steel tank contains air at 500 kPa, and both tank and air are at 20C. The tank is connected to a line flowing air at 2 MPa, 20C. The valve is opened,
A 750-L rigid tank initially contains water at 250C, 50% liquid and 50% vapor, by volume. A valve at the bottom of the tank is opened, and liquid is slowly withdrawn. Heat transfer takes
An initially empty bottle, V 0.25 m3, is filled with water from a line at 0.8 MPa, 350C. Assume no heat transfer and that the bottle is closed when the pressure reaches line
A supply line of ammonia at 0C, 450 kPa is used to fill a 0.05-m3 container initially storing ammonia at 20C, 100 kPa. The supply line valve is closed when the pressure inside reaches
An insulated spring-loaded piston/cylinder is connected to an air line flowing air at 600 kPa, 700 K by a valve. Initially the cylinder is empty and the spring force is zero. The valve is then opened
A mass-loaded piston/cylinder containing air is at 300 kPa, 17C with a volume of 0.25 m3, while at the stops V 1 m3. An air line, 500 kPa, 600 K, is connected by a valve that
An elastic balloon behaves such that pressure is proportional to diameter and the balloon contains 0.5 kg air at 200 kPa, 30C. The balloon is momentarily connected to an air line at 400 kPa,
A 2-m3 storage tank contains 95% liquid and 5% vapor by volume of liquefied natural gas (LNG) at 160 K. It may be assumed that LNG has the same properties as pure methane. Heat is transferred to the
A spherical balloon is constructed of a material such that the pressure inside is proportional to the balloon diameter to the power 1.5. The balloon contains argon gas at 1200 kPa, 700C, at a
A rigid tank initially contains 100 L of saturated-liquid R-12 and 100 L of saturated-vapor R-12 at 0C. A valve on the bottom of the tank is connected to a line flowing R-12 at 10C,
A cylinder with a constant load on the piston contains water at 500 kPa, 20 C and volume of 1 L. The bottom of the cylinder is connected with a line and valve to a steam supply line carrying
A 2-m3 insulated tank containing ammonia at 20C, 80% quality, is connected by a valve to line flowing ammonia at 2 MPa, 60C. The valve is opened, allowing ammonia to flow into
Air is contained in the insulated cylinder shown in Fig. P6.70. At this point the air is at 140 kPa, 25C, and the cylinder volume is 15 L. The piston cross-sectional area is 0.045 m2, and the
An inflatable bag, initially flat and empty, is connected to a supply line of saturated vapor R-22 at ambient temperature of 10C. The valve is opened, and the bag slowly inflates at constant
A cylinder fitted with a piston restrained by a linear spring contains 1 kg of R-12 at 100C, 800 kPa. The spring constant is 50kN/m, and the piston cross-sectional area is 0.05 m2. A valve on
Air at 95 F, 16 lbf/in 2, flows in a 4 in 6 in. rectangular duct in a heating system. The volumetric flow rate is 30 cfm (ft3/min). What is the velocity of the air flowing in the duct?
Saturated vapor R-134a leaves the evaporator in a heat pump at 50 F, with a steady mass flow rate of 0.2lbm/s. What is the smallest diameter tubing that can be used at this location if the velocity
A pump takes 40F liquid water from a river at 14lbf/in 2 and pumps it up to an irrigation canal 60 ft higher than the river surface. All pipes have diameter of 4 in. and the flow rate is 35 lbm/s.
Carbon dioxide gas enters a steady-state, steady-flow heater at 45 lbf/in.2 60 F and exits at 40 lbf/in 2, 1800 F. It is shown in Fig. P6.9, where changes in kinetic and potential energies are
In a steam generator, compressed liquid water at 1500 lbf/in 2, 100 F, enters a 1-in. diameter tube at the rate of 5 ft3/min. Steam at 1250 lbf/in 2, 750 F exits the tube. Find the rate of heat
A heat exchanger is used to cool an air flow from 1400 to 680 R, both states at 150 lbf/in 2. The coolant is a water flow at 60 F, 15 lbf/in 2 and it is shown in Fig. P6.13. If the water leaves as
A condenser, as the heat exchanger shown in Fig P6.14, brings 1 lbm/s water flow at 1 lbf/in 2 from 500 F to saturated liquid at 1 lbf/in 2. The cooling is done by lake water at 70 F that returns to
Four pound-mass of water at 80 lbf/in 2, 70 F is heated in a constant pressure process (SSSF) to 2600 F. Find the best estimate for the heat transfer.
Nitrogen gas flows into a convergent nozzle at 30 lbf/in 2, 600 R and very low velocity. It flows out of the nozzle at 15 lbf/in 2, 500 R. If the nozzle is insulated find the exit velocity.
A diffuser shown in Fig P6.20 has air entering at 14.7 lbf/in 2, 540 R, with a velocity of 600 ft/s. The inlet cross-sectional area of the diffuser is 0.2 in 2. At the exit, the area is 1.75 in 2,
Helium is throttled from 175 lbf/in 2, 70 F, to a pressure of 15 lbf/in 2. The Diameter of the exit pipe is so much larger than the inlet pipe that the inlet and exit velocities are equal. Find the
Water flowing in a line at 60 lbf/in 2, saturated vapor, is taken out through a valve to 14.7 lbf/in 2. What is the temperature as it leaves the valve assuming no changes in kinetic energy and no
An insulated mixing chamber receives 4 lbm/s R-134a at 150 lbf/in 2, 220 F in a line with low velocity. Another line with R-134a as saturated liquid 130 F flows through a valve to the mixing chamber
A steam turbine receives water at 2000 lbf/in 2, 1200 F at a rate of 200lbm/s. In the middle section 40lbm/s is withdrawn at 300 lbf/in 2, 650 F and the rest exits the turbine at 10 lbf/in 2, 95%
A small, high-speed turbine operating on compressed air produces a power output of 0.1 hp. The inlet state is 60 lbf/in 2, 120 F, and the exit state is 14.7 lbf/in 2, 20 F. Assuming the
Hoover Dam across the Colorado River dams up Lake Mead 600 ft higher than the river downstream. The electric generators driven by water-powered turbines deliver 1.2 106 Btu/s. If the
A small water pump is used in an irrigation system. The pump takes water in from a river at 50 F, 1 atm at a rate of 10lbm/s. The exit line enters a pipe that goes up to an elevation 60 ft above the
An air compressor takes in air at 14 lbf/in 2, 60 F and delivers it at 140 lbf/in 2, 1080 R to a constant-pressure cooler, which it exits at 560 R. Find the specific compressor work and the specific
The following data are for a simple steam power plant as shown in Fig. P6.39
For the same steam power plant determine the rate of heat transfer in the economizer which is a low temperature heat exchanger and the steam generator. Determine also the flow rate of cooling water
A proposal is made to use a geothermal supply of hot water to operate a steam turbine. The high pressure water at 200 lbf/in 2, 350 F is throttled into a flash evaporator chamber, which forms liquid
A 1-ft3 tank that is initially evacuated is connected by a valve to an air supply line flowing air at 70 F, 120 lbf/in 2. The valve is opened, and air flows into the tank until the pressure reaches
A 20-ft3 tank contains ammonia at 20 lbf/in 2, 80 F. The tank is attached to a line flowing ammonia at 180 lbf/in 2, 140 F. The valve is opened, and mass flows in until the tank is half full of
A 18-ft3 insulated tank contains air at 100 F, 300 lbf/in 2. A valve on the tank is opened, and air escapes until half the original mass is gone, at which point the valve is closed. What is the
Air is contained in the insulated cylinder shown in Fig. P6.70. At this point the air is at 20 lbf/in 2, 80 F, and the cylinder volume is 0.5 ft3. The piston cross-sectional area is 0.5 ft2, and the
A 35-ft3 insulated, 90-lbm rigid steel tank contains air at 75 lbf/in 2, and both tank and air are at 70 F. The tank is connected to a line flowing air at 300 lbf/in 2, 70 F. The valve is opened,
A cylinder fitted with a piston restrained by a linear spring contains 2 lbm of R-22 at 220 F, 125 lbf/in 2. The system is shown in Fig. P6.72 where the spring constant is 285lbf/in, and the piston
An initially empty bottle, V 10 ft3, is filled with water from a line at 120 lbf/in 2, 500 F. Assume no heat transfer and that the bottle is closed when the pressure reaches line
A mass-loaded piston/cylinder containing air is at 45 lbf/in 2, 60 F with a volume of 9 ft3, while at the stops V 36 ft3. An air line, 75 lbf/in 2, 1100 R, is connected by a valve.
A nitrogen line, 540 R, and 75 lbf/in 2, is connected to a turbine that exhausts to a closed initially empty tank of 2000 ft3. The turbine operates to a tank pressure of 75 lbf/in 2, at which point
Calculate the thermal efficiency of the steam power plant cycle described in Problem 6.39.
Calculate the coefficient of performance of the R-12 heat pump cycle described in Problem 6.47.
Prove that a cyclic device that violates the Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law also violates the Clausius statement of the second law.
Discuss the factors that would make the power plant cycle described in Problem 6.39 an irreversible cycle.
Discuss the factors that would make the heat pump described in Problem 6.47 an irreversible cycle.
Calculate the thermal efficiency of a Carnot-cycle heat engine operating between reservoirs at 500C and 40C. Compare the result with that of Problem 7.1.
Calculate the coefficient of performance of a Carnot-cycle heat pump operating between reservoirs at 0C and 45C. Compare the result with that of Problem 7.2.
A car engine burns 5 kg fuel (equivalent to addition of QH) at 1500 K and rejects energy to the radiator and the exhaust at an average temperature of 750 K. If the fuel provides 40 000 kJ/kg what is
In a steam power plant 1 MW is added at 700C in the boiler, 0.58 MW is taken out at 40C in the condenser and the pump work is 0.02 MW. Find the plant thermal efficiency. Assuming the
At certain locations geothermal energy in underground water is available and used as the energy source for a power plant. Consider a supply of saturated liquid water at 150C. What is the
Find the maximum coefficient of performance for the refrigerator in your kitchen, assuming it runs in a Carnot cycle.

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