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mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

Air from a line at 12 MPa, 15C, flows into a 500-L rigid tank that initially contained air at ambient conditions, 100 kPa 15C. The process occurs rapidly and is essentially adiabatic.
An initially empty spring-loaded piston/cylinder requires 100 kPa to float the piston. A compressor with a line and valve now charges the cylinder with water to a final pressure of 1.4 MPa at which
An initially empty canister of volume 0.2 m3 is filled with carbon dioxide from a line at 1000 kPa, 500 K. Assume the process is adiabatic and the flow continues until it stops by itself. Find the
A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 100 kg R-22 at ambient temperature, 15C. A valve on top of the tank is opened, and saturated vapor is throttled to ambient pressure, 100 kPa, and flows to a
An old abandoned salt mine, 100000 m3 in volume, contains air at 290 K, 100 kPa. The mine is used for energy storage so the local power plant pumps it up to 2.1 MPa using outside air at 290 K, 100
A rigid steel bottle, V = 0.25 m3, contains air at 100 kPa, 300 K. The bottle is now charged with air from a line at 260 K, 6 MPa to a bottle pressure of 5 MPa, state 2, and the valve is closed.
An insulated 2 m3 tank is to be charged with R-134a from a line flowing the refrigerant at 3 MPa. The tank is initially evacuated, and the valve is closed when the pressure inside the tank reaches 3
A horizontal, insulated cylinder has a frictionless piston held against stops by an external force of 500 kN. The piston cross-sectional area is 0.5 m2, and the initial volume is 0.25 m3. Argon gas
A rigid 1.0 m3 tank contains water initially at 120C, with 50 % liquid and 50% vapor, by volume. A pressure-relief valve on the top of the tank is set to 1.0 MPa (the tank pressure cannot
A frictionless piston/cylinder is loaded with a linear spring, spring constant 100 kN/m and the piston cross-sectional area is 0.1 m2. The cylinder initial volume of 20 L contains air at 200 kPa and
An insulated piston/cylinder contains R-22 at 20C, 85% quality, at a cylinder volume of 50 L. A valve at the closed end of the cylinder is connected to a line flowing R-22 at 2 MPa,
Liquid water at ambient conditions, 100 kPa, 25C, enters a pump at the rate of 0.5 kg/s. Power input to the pump is 3 kW. Assuming the pump process to be reversible, determine the pump exit
A firefighter on a ladder 25 m above ground should be able to spray water an additional 10 m up with the hose nozzle of exit diameter 2.5 cm. Assume a water pump on the ground and a reversible flow
A large storage tank contains liquefied natural gas (LNG), which may be assumed to be pure methane. The tank contains saturated liquid at ambient pressure, 100 kPa; it is to be pumped to 500 kPa and
A small dam has a pipe carrying liquid water at 150 kPa, 20C with a flow rate of 2000 kg/s in a 0.5 m diameter pipe. The pipe runs to the bottom of the dam 15 m lower into a turbine with pipe
A small pump is driven by a 2 kW motor with liquid water at 150 kPa, 10C entering. Find the maximum water flow rate you can get with an exit pressure of 1 MPa and negligible kinetic energies.
Saturated R-134a at -10C is pumped/compressed to a pressure of 1.0 MPa at the rate of 0.5 kg/s in a reversible adiabatic SSSF process. Calculate the power required and the exit temperature
A small water pump on ground level has an inlet pipe down into a well at a depth H with the water at 100 kPa, 15C. The pump delivers water at 400 kPa to a building. The absolute pressure of
Atmospheric air at 100 kPa, 17C blows at 60 km/h towards the side of a building. Assume the air is nearly incompressible find the pressure and the temperature at the stagnation point (zero
A small pump takes in water at 20C, 100 kPa and pumps it to 2.5 MPa at a flow rate of 100 kg/min. Find the required pump power input.
Helium gas enters a steady-flow expander at 800 kPa, 300C, and exits at 120 kPa. The mass flow rate is 0.2 kg/s, and the expansion process can be considered as a reversible polytropic process
A pump/compressor pumps a substance from 100 kPa, 10C to 1 MPa in a reversible adiabatic SSSF process. The exit pipe has a small crack, so that a small amount leaks to the atmosphere at 100
A certain industrial process requires a steady 0.5 kg/s of air at 200 m/s, at the condition of 150 kPa, 300 K. This air is to be the exhaust from a specially designed turbine whose inlet pressure is
A mixing chamber receives 5 kg/min ammonia as saturated liquid at 20C from one line and ammonia at 40C, 250 kPa from another line through a valve. The chamber also receives
A compressor is used to bring saturated water vapor at 1 MPa up to 17.5 MPa, where the actual exit temperature is 650C. Find the isentropic compressor efficiency and the entropy generation.
Liquid water enters a pump at 15C, 100 kPa, and exits at a pressure of 5 MPa. If the isentropic efficiency of the pump is 75%, determine the enthalpy (steam table reference) of the water at
A centrifugal compressor takes in ambient air at 100 kPa, 15C, and discharges it at 450 kPa. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80%. What is your best estimate for the discharge
Repeat Problem 9.20 assuming the steam turbine and the air compressor each have an isentropic efficiency of 80%.
A small air turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 80% should produce 270 kJ/kg of work. The inlet temperature is 1000 K and it exhausts to the atmosphere. Find the required inlet pressure and the
Carbon dioxide, CO2, enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K, and exits at 1000 kPa, 520 K. Find the compressor efficiency and the entropy generation for the process.
Repeat Problem 9.22 assuming the turbine and the pump each have an isentropic efficiency of 85%.
Air enters an insulated compressor at ambient conditions, 100 kPa 20C at the rate of 0.1 kg/s and exits at 200C. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 70%. What is the exit
Steam enters a turbine at 300C and exhausts at 20 kPa. It is estimated that the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 70%. What is the maximum turbine inlet pressure if the exhaust is not
A nozzle is required to produce a flow of air at 200 m/s at 20C, 100 kPa. It is estimated that the nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of 92%. What nozzle inlet pressure and temperature is
A turbine receives air at 1500 K, 1000 kPa and expands it to 100 kPa. The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Find the actual turbine exit air temperature and the specific entropy increase
Assume both the compressor and the nozzle have an isentropic efficiency of 90% the rest being unchanged. Find the actual compressor work and its exit temperature and find the actual nozzle exit
The small turbine in Problem 9.6 was ideal. Assume instead the isentropic turbine efficiency is 88%. Find the actual specific turbine work, the entropy generated in the turbine and the heat transfer
A geothermal supply of hot water at 500 kPa, 150C is fed to an insulated flash evaporator at the rate of 1.5 kg/s. A stream of saturated liquid at 200 kPa is drained from the bottom of the
Redo Problem 9.39 if the water pump has an isentropic efficiency of 85% (hose, nozzle included).
A flow of 20 kg/s steam at 10 MPa, 550C enters a two-stage turbine. The exit of the first stage is at 2 MPa where 4 kg/s is taken out for process steam and the rest continues through the
Air flows into an insulated nozzle at 1MPa, 1200 K with 15 m/s and mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. It expands to 650 kPa and exit temperature is 1100 K. Find the exit velocity, and the nozzle efficiency.
A nozzle is required to produce a steady stream of R–134a at 240 m/s at ambient conditions, 100 kPa 20C. The isentropic efficiency may be assumed to be 90%. Find by trial and error or
Calculate the isentropic efficiency for each of the stages in the steam turbine shown in Problem 6.41. Find also the total entropy generated in the turbine.
A two-stage compressor having an inter stage cooler takes in air, 300 K, 100 kPa, and compresses it to 2 MPa. The cooler then cools the air to 340 K, after which it enters the second stage, which has
A two-stage turbine receives air at 1160 K, 5.0 MPa. The first stage exit at 1 MPa then enters stage 2, which has an exit pressure of 200 kPa. Each stage has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Find the
A paper mill has two steam generators, one at 4.5 MPa, 300C and one at 8 MPa, 500C. Each generator feeds a turbine, both of which have an exhaust pressure of 1.2 MPa and isentropic
A heat-powered portable air compressor consists of three components: (a) an adiabatic compressor; (b) a constant pressure heater (heat supplied from an outside source); and (c) an adiabatic turbine.
Assume an actual compressor has the same exit pressure and specific heat transfer as the ideal isothermal compressor in Problem 9.4 with an isothermal efficiency of 80%. Find the specific work and
A water cooled air compressor takes air in at 20C, 90 kPa and compresses it to 500 kPa. The isothermal efficiency is 80% and the actual compressor has the same heat transfer as the ideal one.
Repeat Problem 9.33 when the compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80%.
Saturated vapor R-22 enters an insulated compressor with an isentropic efficiency of 75% and the R-22 exits at 3.5 MPa, 120C, find the compressor inlet temperature by trial and error.
Air enters an insulated turbine at 50C, and exits the turbine at - 30C, 100 kPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 70% and the inlet volumetric flow rate is 20 L/s. What is the
Repeat Problem 9.43 for a pump/compressor isentropic efficiency of 70%.
A certain industrial process requires a steady 0.5 kg/s supply of compressed air at 500 kPa, at a maximum temperature of 30C. This air is to be supplied by installing a compressor and after
The turbo charger in Problem 9.24 has isentropic efficiencies of 70% for both the compressor and the turbine. Repeat the questions when the actual compressor has the same flow rate as the ideal but a
In a heat-powered refrigerator, a turbine is used to drive the compressor using the same working fluid. Consider the combination, where the turbine produces just enough power to drive the compressor
An air turbine with inlet conditions 1200 K, 1 MPa and exhaust pressure of 100 kPa pulls a sledge over a leveled plane surface, T 20C. The turbine work overcomes the friction
Consider the scheme P9.84 for producing fresh water from salt water. The conditions are as shown in the figure. Assume that the properties of salt water are the same as for pure water, and that the
A cylinder/piston containing 2 kg of ammonia at 10C, 90% quality is brought into a 20C room and attached to a line flowing ammonia at 800 kPa, 40C. The total
A certain industrial process requires a steady stream of saturated vapor water at 200 kPa at a rate of 2 kg/s. There are two alternatives for supplying this steam from ambient liquid water at
Ammonia enters a nozzle at 800 kPa, 50C, at a velocity of 10 m/s and at the rate of 0.1 kg/s. The nozzle expansion is assumed to be a reversible, polytropic SSS F process. Ammonia exits the
A cylinder fitted with a spring-loaded piston serves as the supply of steam for a steam turbine. Initially, the cylinder pressure is 2 MPa and the volume is 1.0 m3. The force exerted by the spring is
Supercharging of an engine is used to increase the inlet air density so that more fuel can be added, the result of which is an increased power output. Assume that ambient air, 100 kPa and
A jet-ejector pump, shown schematically in Fig P9.90, is a device in which a low-pressure (secondary) fluid is compressed by entrainment in a high-velocity (primary) fluid stream. The compression
Steam enters a turbine at 450 lbf/in 2, 900 F, expands in a reversible adiabatic process and exhausts at 2 lbf/in.2. Changes in kinetic and potential energies between the inlet and the exit of the
In a heat pump that uses R-134a as the working fluid, the R-134a enters the compressor at 30 lbf/in 2, 20 F at a rate of 0.1 lbm/s, in the compressor the R- 134a is compressed in an adiabatic process
Air at 1 atm, 60 F is compressed to 4 atm, after which it is expanded through a nozzle back to the atmosphere. The compressor and the nozzle are both reversible and adiabatic and kinetic energy
Analyse the steam turbine described in Problem 6.86. Is it possible?
Two flow streams of water, one at 100 lbf/in.2, saturated vapor, and the other at 100 lbf/in 2, 1000 F, mix adiabatically in a SSSF process to produce a single flow out at 100 lbf/in 2, 600 F. Find
A diffuser is a steady-state, steady-flow device in which a fluid flowing at high velocity is decelerated such that the pressure increases in the process. Air at 18 lbf/in 2, 90 F enters a diffuser
One technique for operating a steam turbine in part-load power output is to throttle the steam to a lower pressure before it enters the turbine. The steam line conditions are 200 lbf/in 2, 600 F, and
Air at 540 F, 60 lbf/in 2 with a volume flow 40 ft3/s runs through an adiabatic turbine with exhaust pressure of 15 lbf/in 2. Neglect kinetic energies and use constant specific heats. Find the lowest
A supply of 10 lbm/s ammonia at 80 lbf/in 2, 80 F is needed. Two sources are available one is saturated liquid at 80 F and the other is at 80 lbf/in 2, 260 F. Flows from the two sources are fed
Air from a line at 1800 lbf/in.2, 60 F, flows into a 20-ft3 rigid tank that initially contained air at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in 2, 60F. The process occurs rapidly and is essentially adiabatic.
An old abandoned salt mine, 3.5 106 ft3 in volume, contains air at 520 R, 14.7 lbf/in 2. The mine is used for energy storage so the local power plant pumps it up to 310 lbf/in 2 using
A rigid 35 ft3 tank contains water initially at 250 F, with 50 % liquid and 50% vapor, by volume. A pressure-relief valve on the top of the tank is set to 150 lbf/in 2 (the tank pressure cannot
Liquid water at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in 2, 75 F, enters a pump at the rate of 1 lbm/s. Power input to the pump is 3 Btu/s. Assuming the pump process to be reversible, determine the pump exit
A fireman on a ladder 80 ft above ground should be able to spray water an additional 30 ft up with the hose nozzle of exit diameter 1 in. Assume a water pump on the ground and a reversible flow
Saturated R-134a at 10 F is pumped/compressed to a pressure of 150 lbf/in 2 at the rate of 1.0 lbm/s in a reversible adiabatic SSSF process. Calculate the power required and the exit temperature for
A small pump takes in water at 70 F, 14.7 lbf/in.2 and pumps it to 250 lbf/in 2 at a flow rate of 200lbm/min Find the required pump power input. Assume reversible pump and incompressible flow
Helium gas enters a steady-flow expander at 120 lbf/in 2, 500 F, and exits at 18 lbf/in 2. The mass flow rate is 0.4lbm/s, and the expansion process can be considered as a reversible polytropic
A mixing chamber receives 10 lbm/min ammonia as saturated liquid at 0 F from one line and ammonia at 100 F, 40 lbf/in 2 from another line through a valve. The chamber also receives 340 Btu/min energy
A compressor is used to bring saturated water vapor at 150 lbf/in 2 up to 2500 lbf/in 2, where the actual exit temperature is 1200 F. Find the isentropic compressor efficiency and the entropy
A small air turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 80% should produce 120 Btu/lbm of work. The inlet temperature is 1800 R and it exhausts to the atmosphere. Find the required inlet pressure and
Air enters an insulated compressor at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in 2, 70 F, at the rate of 0.1 lbm/s and exits at 400 F. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 70%. What is the exit
Air at 1 atm, 60 F is compressed to 4 atm, after which it is expanded through a nozzle back to the atmosphere. The compressor and the nozzle both have efficiency of 90% and kinetic energy in/out of
A geothermal supply of hot water at 80 lbf/in 2, 300 F is fed to an insulated flash evaporator at the rate of 10,000 lbm/h, A stream of saturated liquid at 30 lbf/in 2 is drained from the bottom of
Redo Problem 9.104 if the water pump has an isentropic efficiency of 85% (hose, nozzle included).
A nozzle is required to produce a steady stream of R-134a at 790 ft/s at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in 2, 70F. The isentropic efficiency may be assumed to be 90%. What pressure and temperature are
A two-stage turbine receives air at 2100 R, 750 lbf/in 2. The first stage exit at 150 lbf in 2 then enters stage 2, which has an exit pressure of 30 lbf/in 2. Each stage has an isentropic efficiency
A water cooled air compressor takes air in at 70 F, 14 lbf/in 2 and compresses it to 80 lbf/in 2. The isothermal efficiency is 80% and the actual compressor has the same heat transfer as the ideal
Repeat Problem 9.105 for a pump/compressor isentropic efficiency of 70%.
A paper mill has two steam generators, one at 600 lbf/in 2, 550 F and one at 1250 lbf/in 2, 900 F. The setup is shown in Fig. P9.72. Each generator feeds a turbine, both of which have an exhaust
Two forces P and Q are applied as shown at point A of a hook support. Knowing that P = 15 lb and Q = 25 lb, determine graphically the magnitude and direction of their resultant using(a) The
Two forces P and Q are applied as shown at point A of a hook support. Knowing that P = 45 lb and Q = 15 lb, determine graphically the magnitude and direction of their resultant using(a) The
Two forces are applied to an eye bolt fastened to a beam. Determine graphically the magnitude and direction of their resultant using(a) The parallelogram law,(b) The triangle rule.
A disabled automobile is pulled by means of ropes subjected to the two forces as shown. Determine graphically the magnitude and direction of their resultant using(a) The parallelogram law,(b) The
The 200-N force is to be resolved into components along lines a-a€² and b-b€². (a) Determine the angle Î± using trigonometry knowing that the component along
The 200-N force is to be resolved into components along lines a-a′ and b-b′.(a) Determine the angle α using trigonometry knowing that the component along b-b′ is to be 120
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Using trigonometry and knowing that the magnitude of P is 600 N, determine(a) The required angle Î± if the resultant R of the two

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