The body can convert certain components of _____ acids, such as _____ into glucose through a process called _____. fatty, glycerol, gluconeogenesis amino, lysine, glycolysis nucleic, adenine, fermentation carboxylic, acetic, photosynthesis

fatty, glycerol, gluconeogenesis

_____ consumption can contribute to weight _____ as it provides additional calories, while also potentially affecting _____, nutrient _____, and metabolism. Water, loss, thirst, retention Alcohol, gain, appetite, absorption Protein, maintenance, muscle, synthesis Fiber, reduction, digestion, excretion

Alcohol, gain, appetite, absorption

The _____ of pyruvate to _____ takes place in the _____ of the cell. oxidation, lactate, cytoplasm hydrolysis, glucose, ribosome conversion, acetyl-CoA, mitochondria reduction, ethanol, nucleus

conversion, acetyl-CoA, mitochondria

_____ metabolism relies on oxygen to generate energy, while _____ metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen. _____ activity intensity determines the reliance on either aerobic or _____ metabolism. Catabolic, anabolic, Resting, anabolic Anabolic, catabolic, Sleeping, catabolic Anaerobic, aerobic, Mental, aerobic Aerobic, anaerobic, Physical, anaerobic

Aerobic, anaerobic, Physical, anaerobic

_____ bodies are produced during the _____ of fatty acids in the _____ when glucose availability is _____, such as during _____, prolonged _____ or low-carbohydrate diets. Carbohydrate, digestion, intestine, sufficient, snacking, walking Ketone, breakdown, liver, limited, fasting, exercise Protein, synthesis, muscle, abundant, eating, resting Lipid, storage, adipose, excessive, feeding, sleeping

Ketone, breakdown, liver, limited, fasting, exercise

When a compound is _____, it _____ electrons, which often corresponds to a gain in _____ or a decrease in _____ state. dehydrated, releases, pressure, dehydration reduced, gains, energy, oxidation oxidized, loses, mass, reduction hydrated, absorbs, volume, hydration

reduced, gains, energy, oxidation

Amino acids that are converted to _____ through deamination _____ be used for gluconeogenesis, and they include the _____ amino acids such as leucine and _____. pyruvate, can, glucogenic, alanine lactate, should, non-essential, glycine acetyl-CoA, cannot, ketogenic, lysine glucose, may, essential, valine

acetyl-CoA, cannot, ketogenic, lysine

Comprehensive Metabolic Processes and Nutritional Biochemistry Concepts

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The body can convert certain components of _____ acids, such as _____ into glucose through a process called _____.

_____ are produced from the breakdown of fatty acids, indicating that the body is utilizing _____ as a _____ source.

_____ is the metabolic process responsible for the synthesis of fats from various precursors, such as _____ and fatty acids.

_____ consumption can contribute to weight _____ as it provides additional calories, while also potentially affecting _____, nutrient _____, and metabolism.

The _____ of pyruvate to _____ takes place in the _____ of the cell.

The _____ system utilizes a significant portion of total body glucose, approximately _____ as glucose is its primary fuel source and essential for proper _____ function.

_____ metabolism relies on oxygen to generate energy, while _____ metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen. _____ activity intensity determines the reliance on either aerobic or _____ metabolism.

_____ bodies are produced during the _____ of fatty acids in the _____ when glucose availability is _____, such as during _____, prolonged _____ or low-carbohydrate diets.

When a compound is _____, it _____ electrons, which often corresponds to a gain in _____ or a decrease in _____ state.

Amino acids that are converted to _____ through deamination _____ be used for gluconeogenesis, and they include the _____ amino acids such as leucine and _____.

The net energy yield from the metabolism of 1 molecule of _____ via _____ is _____ molecules of _____.

The term that explains all the chemical and _____ processes involved in maintaining life is _____.

The conversion of _____ to acetyl-CoA is an _____ reaction, which is important because it serves as a _____ step in carbohydrate metabolism.

The breakdown of glucose to _____ pyruvate molecules occurs in the _____ of the cell and is called _____.

The number of kilocalories needed for _____ activity depends on factors such as the _____, duration, and _____ of activity, as well as individual characteristics like body _____ and fitness level.

_____ metabolism refers to the energy expended by the body at _____. Basal metabolic rate tends to decrease with age due to factors such as decreased _____ mass and _____ changes.

_____ factors can influence a person's susceptibility to obesity, and if _____ parents are obese, there is a higher likelihood of their offspring inheriting certain genetic predispositions to _____.

Fatty acids _____ be directly converted to glucose because they are metabolized through beta oxidation to produce _____ which enters the _____ acid cycle and generates energy, but cannot be converted back to _____.

_____ lipase (LPL) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the breakdown of _____ from circulating lipoproteins, such as _____ and VLDL, releasing fatty acids for cellular uptake and _____.

Energy requirement can be estimated by considering factors such as _____ metabolic rate, _____ activity level, and _____ effect of food. Formulas and _____, such as the _____ Benedict equation, can help estimate energy needs based on these factors.

_____ plays a crucial role in the electron transport system by facilitating the transfer of electrons between complex _____ and complex IV, ultimately contributing to the generation of a proton _____ for ATP synthesis.

The best predictor of _____ metabolic rate is typically your _____ body mass, as it represents the amount of metabolically _____ tissue in your body.

The ratio of body weight to _____ represents the body mass index (BMI), which is commonly used as an indicator of body _____ and overall health status.

The _____ effect of food accounts for approximately _____ of the total energy consumed each _____, representing the energy expenditure associated with the _____, absorption, and _____ of nutrients.

Your _____ body mass is the best predictor of determining your resting metabolic rate (_____), and _____ which refers to the amount of energy expended by your body at rest.

The energy for the _____ effect of food refers to the energy expenditure required to digest, _____ and metabolize nutrients after a _____, contributing to the overall energy balance.

Acetyl-CoA from fatty acid breakdown cannot be converted back to _____; hence, fatty acids cannot be used to synthesize _____ through gluconeogenesis.

When someone begins eating again after following a _____ diet, there is often weight regain, as the _____ nature of the diet may have suppressed metabolic _____ and led to _____ loss.

_____ restructuring is a behavior modification technique that involves changing one's thoughts and _____ (cognition) to promote more _____ behaviors and emotional responses.

_____ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, typically involving _____ acids, while deamination is the _____ of an amino group from an amino acid, resulting in the formation of _____ and a _____ acid.

Body mass index (BMI) is measured by _____ an individual's weight in kilograms by the _____ of their _____ in meters.

Skin-fold measurements are a practical and _____ method for estimating body _____ percentage, but they can be affected by measurement _____ and may not accurately represent _____ fat deposits.

A _____ diet is a popular but often short-lived weight loss approach that promotes drastic and _____ eating patterns, usually with exaggerated _____ of _____ results.

To gain a pound of body fat, an individual would need to consume approximately _____ kcalories in excess of their energy expenditure. For example, consuming an extra 500 kcalories per day for _____ days would result in a pound of weight gain.

_____ metabolism stimulates the release of hormones that promote feelings of _____ and satiety, such as peptide _____ (PYY), while reducing the secretion of _____, a hormone that stimulates appetite.

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