Healthful Foods Inc., a manufacturer of breakfast cereals and snack bars, has experienced several years of steady growth in sales, profits, and dividends while maintaining a relatively low level of debt. The board of directors has adopted a long-run strategy to maximize the value of the shareholders' investment. In order to achieve this goal, the board of directors established the following five-year financial objectives.

• Increase sales by 12 percent per year.

• Increase income before taxes by 15 percent per year.

• Maintain long-term debt at a maximum of 16 percent of assets.

These financial objectives have been attained for the past three years. At the beginning of last year, the president of Healthful Foods, Andrea Donis, added a fourth financial objective of maintaining cost of goods sold at a maximum of 70 percent of sales. This goal also was attained last year.

The budgeting process at Healthful Foods is to be directed toward attaining these goals for the forthcoming year, a difficult task with the economy in a prolonged recession. In addition, the increased emphasis on eating healthful foods has driven up the price of ingredients used by the company significantly faster than the expected rate of inflation. John Winslow, cost accountant at Healthful Foods, has responsibility for preparation of the profit plan for next year. Winslow assured Donis that he could present a budget that achieved all of the financial objectives. Winslow believed that he could overestimate the ending inventory and reclassify fruit and grain inspection costs as administrative rather than production costs to attain the desired objective. The actual statements for 20x1 and the budgeted statements for 20x2 that Winslow prepared are as follows:

The company paid dividends of $27,720 in 20x1, and the expected tax rate for 20x2 is 34 percent.
Required:
1. Describe the role of budgeting in a firm's strategic planning.
2. For each of the financial objectives established by the board of directors and the president of
Healthful Foods Inc., determine whether John Winslow's budget attains these objectives. Support your conclusion in each case by presenting appropriate calculations, and use the following format for your answer.
Objective Attained/Not Attained Calculations
3. Explain why the adjustments contemplated by John Winslow are unethical, citing specific standards of ethical professional practice for management accountants.

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HEALTHFUL FOODS INC. Income Statement 20x1 Actual 20x2 Budgeted $947,750 850,000 Less: Variable costs: Cost of goods sold Selling and administrative 510,000 90,000 $250,000 574,725 87,500 $285,525 Contribution margin Less: Fixed costs: Selling and administrative Income before taxes 85,000 60,000 $105,000 94.775 70,000 $120,750 HEALTHFUL FOODS INC. Balance Sheet 20x1 Actual 20x2 Budgeted Assets: Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Plant and equipment 10,000 17000 68,000 365,000 60,000 300,000 net of accumulated depreciation) Total 1,630,000 $2,000,000 1,600,000 Liabilities: 110,000 122,000 308,000 Long-term debt 320,000 Stockholders' equity: Common stock Retained earnings 400,000 1,170,000 $2,000,000 00,0) 220,000 $2,050,000 Total