In Exercise 19, you analyzed 10 students€™ responses to a survey about whether they smoked and whether they ran red lights. Table 33 shows the responses of all 23 students who anonymously responded to both questions.

a. What proportion of the students run red lights OR smoke?
b. What proportion of the students run red lights AND smoke?
c. What proportion of the students run red lights, given that they smoke?
d. What proportion of the students run red lights, given that they do not smoke? Compare your result to the result you found in part (c).
e. A total of 5 students did not say whether they run red lights and 1 other student did not say whether he or she smokes. What type(s) of bias in sampling likely occurred? Assuming each of the 6 students did at least one of those things, how would combining the data about those 6 students with the data about the other 23 students affect your result to part (a)? Explain why there is not enough information to know how your results to parts (b), (c), and (d) would be affected.

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Table 33 Smoking versus Running Red Lights Smoke Don't Smoke Total Run Lights Don't Run Lights Total 4 19 23 16 19 4