In recent years a number of research projects in extrasensory perception have examined the possibility that hypnosis may be helpful in bringing out ESP in persons who did not think they had any. The obvious way to test such a hypothesis is with a self-paired design: the ESP ability of a subject when he is awake is compared to his ability when hypnotized. In one study of this sort, fifteen college students were each asked to guess the identity of 200 Zener cards (see Case Study 4.3.1). The same €œsender€€”that is, the person concentrating on the card€”was used for each trial. For 100 of the trials both the student and the sender were awake; for the other 100 both were hypnotized. If chance were the only factor involved, the expected number of correct identifications in each set of 100 trials would be 20. The observed average numbers of correct guesses for subjects awake and subjects hypnotized were 18.9 and 21.7, respectively (21). Use the analysis of variance to determine whether that difference is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

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Number of Correct Responses (out of 100) in ESP Experiment Sender and Student in Waking State Sender and Student in Hypnotic State Student 18 19 16 21 16 20 20 25 20 26 26 20 23 14 18 18 20 10 12 13 14 15 19 29 16 27 15 18.9 27 19 27 21 21.7