Ingram is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) employed by Jordan, Keller and Lane, CPAs, to audit Martin Enterprises, Inc., a fast-growing service firm that went public two years ago. The financial statements Ingram audited were included in a proxy statement proposing a merger with several other firms. The proxy statement was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and included several inaccuracies. First, approximately $1 million, or more than 20 percent, of the previous year’s ‘‘net sales originally reported’’ had proven nonexistent by the time the proxy statement was filed and had been written off on Martin’s own books. This was not disclosed in the proxy statement, in violation of Accounting Board Opinion Number 9. Second, Martin’s net sales for the current year were stated as $11.3 million when in fact they were less than $10.5 million. Third, Martin’s net profits for the current year were reported as $700,000, when the firm actually had no earnings at all.
(a) What civil liability, if any, does Ingram have?
(b) What criminal liability, if any, does Ingram have?