Nondestructive evaluation is used to measure the properties of components or materials without causing any permanent physical change to the components or materials. It includes the determination of properties of materials and the classification of flaws by size, shape, type, and location. Nondestructive evaluation is very effective for detecting surface flaws and characterizing surface properties of electrically conductive materials. Data were collected that classified each component as having a flaw or not, based on manual inspection and operator judgment, and also reported the size of the crack in the material. The results in terms of crack size (in inches) are stored in and shown below. (Data extracted from B. D. Olin and W. Q. Meeker, "Applications of Statistical Methods to Nondestructive Evaluation," Technometrics, 38, 1996, p. 101.)

a. Using a 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence that the median crack size is smaller for unflawed components than for flawed components?
b. What assumptions must you make in (a)?
c. Compare the results of (a) with those of Problem 10.17 (a) on page 376. Discuss.

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Unflawed 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.014 0.021 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.034 0.041 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.045 0.057 0.063 0.074 0.076 Flawed 0.022 0.026 0.026 0.030 0.031 0.034 0.042 0.043 0.044 0.046 0.046 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.060 0.060 0.070 0.071 0.073 0.073 0.078 0.079 0.079 0.083 0.090 0.095 0.095 0.096 0.100 0.102 0.103 0.105 0.114 0.119 0.120 0.130 0.160 0.306 0.328 0.440