Q-1: Following is a table of a distant planetary system discovered in a neighboring galaxy. A medium sized star the size of our Sun is orbited by 5 planets (X1, X2, X3, X4, X5). Astronomical observations of the planets indicate the following orbital periods (in Earth years).Recognizing that Kepler's Laws are followed in this planetary system as well, calculate and fill in the data in the three blank columns above.

Knowing that the star at the center of the system is similar in size to our Sun, the planet most similar to Earth is ____X1_______
Q-2: Generally speaking, an atom's nucleus consists of protons (+ive charge) and neutrons and contain most of an atoms mass. The number of protons is indicative of the element - i.e. Carbon has 6 protons, so we say atomic number of Carbon is 6. If Carbon loses a proton, then it becomes Boron (5 protons). A model for nucleosynthesis (process of forming new elements)was first proposed by Alpher, Bethe & Gamow paper (1948) which starts form hydrogen nuclii (1 proton, or 1 proton + 1 neutron) and makes helium nuclii (2 protons, or 2 protons+ 1 neutron, or 2 rpoton+2 neutrons), from which they were able to demonstrate the formation of other elements in the periodic table. Although more recent astronomical observations show that most heavy elements are formed in the centers of stars.
Notation to follow: 6C12 shows 6 protons (atomic number) in Carbon with 12 atomic mass (6 protons+ 6neutrons).
Following are several sets of combinations (on the left side) that result in new element (to the right side). Fill in the missing nuclii/elements (You may need to refer to a periodic table from the web at www.ptable.com/ . The answers need to be in the format6C12, showing the atomic number & the mass number.

1. 2He4 + 2He4 => 4Be8 (this one is an example)
2. 1H2+ 6C12 => _7N14________
3. 2He4 + 13Al 26 => _15P30_________
4. 4 (2He4) => 8O16(Example – note how 4 outside the parenthesis works!)
5. 5 (1H2) + 2He4 => __7N14________
6. 2 (5B10) + __1H1_____ => 11Na21
7. 2 (5B10) + __1H2_____ => 11Na22
8. 2 (5B10) + ___1H3____ => 11Na23
9. 7N14 + 2 (2H4) + 8O16 => ___19K38_______

Q-3: Each element of the period table is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, which assigns the atomic number of the element. The mass number (amu = atomic mass units) of an atom is the sum of the protons (each proton = 1 amu) and the number of neutrons (each neutron = 1 amu).
Based on the above information, Th-232 (Thorium with mass = 232 amu, atomic number 90) would have:
__90__ ___ protons and
__142____ neutrons
Q-4: Please match the two columns relating to early development of astronomy in the western culture by moving the items in the right column to match the items on the left column.

Q-5: Consider the Newton’s law of Gravitation: F = G m_objectm_Earth / r²

Knowing that Force F/mass = acceleration, we can calculate the gravitational acceleration (g). On Earth we know this to be about 9.8m/s²at the sea-level and is given by F/m_object= g = G m_Earth / r²

Note that the above “g” relationship is not dependent on the mass of the object, rather it depends only on the mass of Earth and the distance from the center of Earth.Knowing the following values:

G =universal Gravitational constant=6.67 ×10⁻¹¹N m²/kg^2, 

Mass of Earth = 5.972 × 10²⁴ kg

Radius of Earth at Boston = 6.3712 x 10⁶ m 

Height of Everest from sea-level = 8850 m

Using the information given above, complete the following table that compares the "g" values in Boston to that on Mt. Everest.

While standing on the ground, if you dropped a bowling ball in Boston and repeated the same experiment while standing on Mt. Everest, which bowling ball drop will take less time? Explain your reasoning.
___Boston ball will take less time because gravity is stronger in Boston and will pull the ball down faster. ___________

Transcribed Image Text:

Orbital Distance from Sun Distance from Sun Orbital Planet SQ of Period (P?) CUBED (S) Period (Yrs) (A.U.) X1 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.63 1.59 X2 2 4 4 ХЗ 36 36 3.3 X4 10 100 100 4.64 T400 20 7.37 X5 400 1.Kepler's First Law Elliptical Orbits 2. Kepler's Second Law Planets move faster when closer to the sun 3. Penzia and Wilson Cosmic Background Radiation 4. Galileo Galilei Jupiter's moons orbiting Jupiter, not Earth. 5. Isaac Newton 6.67 ×10-11N m²/kg² 6. Edwin Hubble Evidence for expanding Universe 7 Alpher. Bethe & Gamow Formation of chemical elements wwwwwww 8. Vera Rubin Evidence for Dark Matter from Galaxy spin velocity