Which element of expectancy theory is described in each of the following independent scenarios?

a. Anh completed the steps for licensure as a Certified Public Accountant and received a pay raise. 

b. Claudia completed a BPM project early; her boss said she could either have extra time off or a small pay raise. Claudia chose the pay raise. 

c. Ethan put in many extra hours in January, and was pleased to be named “employee of the month.” 

d. Lupe believes her company’s new general ledger software is too complex to master. 

e. Mark changed his major from finance to accounting because he heard jobs are more plentiful in accounting. 

f. Richard has stopped suggesting business process improvements because his ideas are never implemented.