Which of the following statements is (are) true?

a. An audit trail is a transaction path through a data processing system from point of origin to final output, but not backward from final output to point of origin.

b. The need for reports should be periodically assessed, because they are often prepared long after they are needed, wasting time, money, and resources.

c. An AIS has traditionally been referred to as a transaction processing system because its only concern was financial data and accounting transactions.

d. Accountants and systems developers do not need to understand how data are captured, organized, stored, processed, or accessed.

e. A master file, like a ledger in a manual AIS, stores cumulative information about an organization.