With respect to data warehouses, databases, and files, which of the following statement(s)

is (are) true?

a. The database controller (DBC) is responsible for coordinating, controlling, and managing the database.

b. Since strategic decision making requires access to large amounts of historical data, organizations are building separate databases called data warehouses.

c. Data warehouses minimize redundancy, while transaction processing databases are purposely redundant to maximize query efficiency.

d. Data validation controls that ensure input accuracy are one of the most time-consuming and expensive steps in creating a data warehouse.

e. While it is important to regularly backup transaction processing databases, that is not the case with data warehouses.