If R has an identity, then (a) J(R) = {r R I 1 R + s

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If R has an identity, then

(a) J(R) = {r ϵ R I 1R + sr is left invertible for all s ϵ R}.

(b) J(R) is the largest ideal K such that for all r ϵ K, 1R + r is a unit.

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