A PISA study assesses the performance of students in 14 German states. The variables scientific literacy (x) and reading comprehension (y) yield the following information:

(a) What is the (unweighted) mean value for reading comprehension?

(b) What is the empirical standard deviation for reading comprehension?

(c) What is the variation coefficient for reading comprehension?

(d) Determine the empirical variance for scientific literacy.

(e) Determine the covariance between the variables x and y.

(f) Determine the strength of the linear metric association between reading comprehension and scientific literacy.

(g) Determine the rank correlation coefficient under the assumption that the sum of the squared rank differences for statistical series is 54.

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• ² = 3.20 n Σ (x − x) = 3042.36 Ey=-309 n Η Σ. y = 10,545 i] Σ(x₁-x) (y₁ - y) = 2987.81 il