Which of the following is not a reason why the data-administration role emerged subsequent to the database-administration role?

a. It is difficult to find people who have both managerial and policy skills as well as technical skills

b. The amount of work the DBA had to perform was often too great for a single role

c. DBA had proved to be unsuccessful at working out suitable backup and recovery strategies for the database

d. With the growth in end-user computing, more support had to be provided to database users who were not skilled information systems professionals