Which of the following statements about national and international information systems standards is true?

a. Widespread acceptance of national and international information systems standards can undermine an organization's competitive position

b. The adoption of national and international information systems standards will reduce the cost of the QA function

c. QA personnel lose their ability to think critically when their organization adopts national and international information systems standards

d. The adoption of national and international information systems standards reduces the scope for conflict among stakeholders