When you reached toward the dog, he nipped at your hand. You quickly pulled your hand back. As a result, he now nips at your hand whenever you reach toward him.

The consequence for the dog’s behavior of nipping consisted of the (presentation/

removal) ________________ of a stimulus (namely, your hand), and his behavior of nipping subsequently (increased/decreased) _________________ in frequency;

therefore, this is an example of __________________ reinforcement.