Letter frequencies. If you encrypt a file using the cipher of Exercise •• P21.1 , it will have all of its letters jumbled up, and will look as if there is no hope of decrypting it without knowing the keyword. Guessing the keyword seems hopeless, too. There are just too many possible keywords. However, someone who is trained in decryption will be able to break this cipher in no time at all. The average letter frequencies of English letters are well known. The most common letter is E, which occurs about 13 percent of the time. Here are the average frequencies of English letters:

Write a program that reads an input file and prints the letter frequencies in that file.
Such a tool will help a code breaker. If the most frequent letters in an encrypted file are H and K, then there is an excellent chance that they are the encryptions of E and T.

Data from exercise P21,1

Random monoalphabet cipher. The Caesar cipher, which shifts all letters by a fixed amount, is far too easy to crack. Here is a better idea. For the key, don’t use numbers but words. Suppose the keyword is FEATHER. Then first remove duplicate let ters, yielding FEATHR, and append the other letters of the alphabet in reverse order. Now encrypt the letters as follows:

Write a program that encrypts or decrypts a file using this cipher. The keyword is specified with the -k command line option. The -d command line option specifies decryption. For example,

decrypts a file using the keyword FEATHER. It is an error not to supply a keyword.

Transcribed Image Text:

A B C D E F K G 2% L 3% H 4% M 4% I 7% N 13% J <1% O 8% <1% 3% <1% 4% Q <1% R 8% S 7% T P 3% U 3% X V 1% Y 2% Z 3% 8% W 6% 9% <1% 2% <1%