Amateur and professional singers were the subjects of a study by Grape et al. (A-2). The researchers

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Amateur and professional singers were the subjects of a study by Grape et al. (A-2). The researchers investigated the possible beneficial effects of singing on well-being during a single singing lesson.

One of the variables of interest was the change in cortisol as a result of the signing lesson. Use the data in the following table to determine if, in general, cortisol (nmol/L) increases after a singing lesson.

Let a ¼ :05. Find the p value.

Subject 12345678 Before 214 362 202 158 403 219 307 331 After 232 276 224 412 562 203 340 313 Source: Data provided courtesy of Christina Grape, M.P.H., Licensed Nurse.

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