In a retrospective study of the health problems associated with smoking, a researcher is interested in the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

(COPD) and the risk factor smokes. Use the probabilities in Table 2.66 to answer the following questions.

COPD Risk Factor Yes No Smokes 0.14 0.86 Does not Smoke 0.04 0.96

(a) Compute the odds of having COPD for smokers.

(b) Compute the odds of having COPD for non-smokers.

(c) Compute the odds ratio for COPD and the risk factor smokes.

(d) Interpret the odds ratio.

(e) Why is it inappropriate to compute the relative risk in this study?