Nicotine Patches You plan to conduct a clinical trial to test the effectiveness of nicotine patch therapy in helping smokers to stop smoking. How many smokers must be included in order to be 99% confident that the estimate is in error by no more than two percentage points?

a. Assume that nothing is known about the effectiveness of nicotine patch therapy.

b. Assume that a prior clinical trial suggests that nicotine patch therapy has a success rate of about 45% (based on data from “High-Dose Nicotine Patch Therapy,” by Dale et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 274, No. 17).

c. Does the additional survey information from part

(b) have much of an effect on the sample size that is required?