Questions and Answers of Behavior A Contemporary

Tyrell was once bitten by Rover, the neighbor’s dog, and as a result he developed a strong fear of the dog. However, when he heard that Rover had to have all his teeth removed, Tyrell’s fear of
In the ________________-_______________ model of classical conditioning, conditioning involves establishing a direct connection between an NS and a US.
In the ________________-_______________ model of classical conditioning, conditioning is viewed as a process of directly attaching a refl ex response to a new stimulus.
A person who fears dogs also feels anxious when he hears the word canine.This is an example of ____________.
A student has great diffi culty focusing on the relevant material being discussed in class and is easily distracted. This student might also display(stronger/weaker) ____________ evidence of
Rasheed had never experienced a more diffi cult multiple-choice test.Virtually every alternative for every question looked equally correct. By the end of the exam, he felt extremely anxious.
Alan fi nds that he can lessen his hunger pangs while waiting for dinner by watching an exciting television show. This is most similar to the concept of ____________.
If the scent of ammonia and the ticking of a clock are combined to form a compound stimulus, then the two stimuli are being presented (simultaneously/successively) ____________.
You once played in an all-star game alongside Antonio, an unknown basketball player just like you. Antonio, however, is a very tall and noticeable player on the court. Although you both played
Based partially on Pavlov’s work on experimental neurosis, Eysenck concluded that (introverts/extroverts) ____________ tend to be highly reactive to external stimulation, condition easily, and
Consider the following example:(Step 1: Repeated experiences in restaurant)Restaurant: Yoshi(Step 2: Not in restaurant)Yoshi: Argument → Tension Yoshi → Tension(Step 3)Restaurant → Tension This
The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a particular situation is known as the ____________ of conditioning.
The gradual strengthening of a classically conditioned fear response by repeated pairings of a tone with a shock is an example of the process of __________________. During this process, early
The procedure of extinction involves the ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________.
In higher-order conditioning, conditioning of the CS1 is sometimes called ____________ conditioning, and conditioning of the CS2 is called ____________ conditioning.
Consider the following example:(Step 1)John: Rude behavior → Anger John → Anger(Step 2)Amir: John → Anger Amir → Anger This is an example of ____________ conditioning.
Jared’s parents always start arguing at about midnight each night. As a result, he wakes up feeling anxious each night just before midnight. This seems to be an example of ____________ conditioning.
Remember the cartoon of Pavlov learning to salivate to the bell after watching the dogs being conditioned? Of the two types of extensions to classical conditioning, this is most similar to
Marty once played in an all-star game alongside Bobby Orr (a famous and talented hockey player). Marty scored two goals and an assist, as did Orr.Orr was later voted the game’s most valuable
By the end of the second day, your fear of bees has mostly disappeared.However, you then hear thunder in the distance and become a bit worried about whether you should immediately head back to the
The researcher feels that you have done such a fi ne job catching bees that she hires you for another day. At the start of the next day, you will likely fi nd that your fear of bees has (completely
Following an experience in which you were stung by a bee and subsequently developed a fear of bees, you are hired for a 1-day job in which your task is to catch bees for a biologist. During the day,
Two examples of specifi city in conditioning, known as _______________ and ____________, involve pairing a compound stimulus with a US.
Midori feels anxious whenever the manager walks into the store accompanied by the owner because the manager always finds fault with the employees when the owner is there. This is best seen as an
According to Eysenck, psychopaths tend to be extreme (extroverts/introverts)____________ who condition (easily/poorly) ____________.
While playing tennis one day, you suffer a minor ankle sprain. Two weeks later you severely twist your ankle while stepping off a curb. The next time you play tennis, you fi nd yourself surprisingly
During an eyeblink conditioning procedure, you blinked not only in response to the sound of the click but also when someone tapped you on the shoulder. Your response to the tap on the shoulder may be
The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of ____________.
In higher-order conditioning, the CS2 generally elicits a (stronger/weaker) _______________ response than does the CS1.
How does pseudoconditioning differ from classical conditioning? How can one experimentally determine whether a response is the result of classical conditioning or pseudoconditioning?
Defi ne US revaluation, and diagram an example.
Defi ne external inhibition. Diagram an example.
Defi ne occasion setting, and diagram an example.
What is temporal conditioning? Describe an example.
Defi ne latent inhibition, and diagram an example.
Defi ne blocking, and diagram an example.
Defi ne overshadowing, and diagram an example.
Defi ne sensory preconditioning, and diagram an example.
Defi ne higher-order conditioning, and diagram an example.
Defi ne experimental neurosis, and describe Shenger-Krestovnikova’s procedure for producing it.
What is stimulus discrimination? Outline an example of a discrimination training procedure.
Describe stimulus generalization and semantic generalization.
Defi ne disinhibition. How does it differ from dishabituation?
Defi ne the processes of extinction and spontaneous recovery.
Defi ne acquisition. Draw a graph of a typical acquisition curve, and indicate the asymptote of conditioning.
An appropriate control procedure to test for this phenomenon involves presenting a control group of subjects with the NS and US (close together/quite separate) __________________. Whatever responding
The above phenomenon is a potential problem whenever the US produces a strong em____________ response.
When an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization, we say that _____________ has taken place.
Nikki feels all excited when she sees her father arrive home each evening because he always brings her some licorice. One day her mother bought her a lot of licorice earlier in the day, and Nikki had
Shahid usually salivates when he enters Joe’s restaurant because he loves their turkey gumbo. One time, however, when the waiters were all dressed like clowns and bagpipes were playing in the
The (US/CS) _______________ r_______________ procedure involves the (pre/post) ______ conditioning presentation of the (CS/US) __________ at a different level of intensity.
In e_____________________ i_____________________ the presentation of a (novel/familiar) ____________________ stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus produces a(n) (increase/decrease)
Brandon notices that the doctor gives him an injection only when a nurse is present in the examining room. As a result, he feels more anxious about the medical exam when the nurse is present than
Kessler became very accustomed to having a snack at about 4 o’clock each afternoon.As a result, he now fi nds that he automatically starts thinking about food at about 4 o’clock each afternoon,
In classical conditioning, o_______________ s______________ is a procedure in which a stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the _______. This stimulus is called a(n)
In temporal conditioning, the (NS/US) ____ is presented at regular intervals, with the result that the end of each interval becomes a (CS/US) ____ that elicits a (CR/UR) _____.
Because Jez has a history of getting into trouble, he often catches most of the blame when something goes wrong, even when others are also responsible for what happened. This is most similar to the
Latent inhibition (prevents/promotes) ________________ the development of conditioned associations to redundant stimuli.
In a(n) ________________ procedure, the compound stimulus consists of a neutral stimulus and a CS, whereas in a(n) __________________ procedure, the compound stimulus consists of two neutral stimuli.
In __________ __________, a familiar stimulus is more diffi cult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar stimulus.
In _______________, the presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning of another stimulus.
Unlike NS-US pairings in normal conditioning, NS-NS pairings in sensory preconditioning can produce stronger conditioning when the two stimuli are presented(sequentially/simultaneously)
Sensory preconditioning often works best when the two neutral stimuli are paired(relatively few /hundreds of) _________________ times in the preconditioning phase.
The in-line skating paths will probably elicit a (stronger/weaker) ________________ fear response than will the sight of the dogs.
This example illustrates the phenomenon of ________________ _____________.
In a higher-order conditioning procedure in which a car is associated with an attractive model, the attractive model is the (CS1/CS2) ______________ and the car is the(CS1/CS2) ______________.
In higher-order conditioning, conditioning of the CS1 is often called ____________-order conditioning, while conditioning of the CS2 is called _____________-order conditioning.
In general, the CS2 elicits a (weaker/stronger) ___________ response than the CS1.
In _________________-________________ conditioning, an already established CS is used to condition a new CS.
Psychopaths are extreme (introverts/extroverts) ________________________ who condition (very easily/very poorly) _________________. They therefore feel little or no conditioned _________________ when
Introverts seem to develop a_______________-type symptoms in reaction to stress, whereas extroverts develop p_______________-type symptoms.
Introverts also condition (more/less) ____________ easily than extroverts.
In Eysenck’s theory, introverts are (more/less) ______________ reactive to external stimulation than extroverts are and therefore (can/cannot) _______________ tolerate large doses of stimulation.
Pavlov believed that these differences between dogs refl ected (learned/inherited)____________ differences in t__________________.
Pavlov and his assistants noted that the dogs displayed two general patterns of symptoms. Some dogs became _______________________while other dogs became ______________________. In addition, (all/not
Pavlov referred to this nervous breakdown as e_____________ n______________, an experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unp_______________ events develop n______________-like
In Shenger-Krestovnikova’s experiment the animal suffered a nervous breakdown when exposed to a CS+ and a CS− that were made progressively (more/less) _______ similar.
Suppose Cary disliked his physics instructor and, as a result, came to dislike all science instructors. This example illustrates the process of over-_______________.
Feeling “icky” around all objects that look like a snake is an example of stimulus _______________, whereas feeling icky only around snakes is an example of stimulus ________________.
The opposite of stimulus generalization is stimulus ________________. This can be defi ned as ___________________________________________________________
The generalization of a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar in meaning to a verbal CS is called s____________ generalization.
Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a (CR/UR) _______________ to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the original (CS/US) ______________.In general, the more
The sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced is called ________________.
Pavlov believed that this phenomenon indicates that extinction involves the(inhibition/unlearning) ________________ of a conditioned response.
With repeated sessions of extinction, each time a response recovers, it is usually somewhat (weaker/stronger) ________________ and extinguishes more (slowly/quickly) ______________.
The sudden recovery of an extinguished response following some delay after extinction is known as s________________ r__________________.
Once a CR has been extinguished, reacquisition of that response tends to occur(more/less) __________ rapidly than the original conditioning.
The procedure of extinction involves ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________.
In the process of extinction, a conditioned response grows weaker because _____________________________________________________________________.
In general, a (more/less) _____________ intense NS produces better conditioning.
In general, a (more/less) _____________ intense US produces better conditioning.
The maximum amount of learning that can take place in a given situation is known as the ________________ of learning.
In general, conditioning proceeds more (rapidly/slowly) ________________ during the early trials of a conditioning procedure.
The process of strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS with a US is known as ___________________.
In a conditioned suppression ratio, a score of _______________ indicates total suppression of the behavior, while a score of around _______________ indicates no suppression.
Brett is allergic to bee stings. He eats and drinks heartily when he is inside the restaurant, but not when he is seated on the outdoor patio surrounded by fl owers. This circumstance is similar to
In a restaurant, the parents of a very noisy child hardly notice the commotion.This is an example of _______________. However, the customers at neighboring tables are becoming increasingly annoyed by
In an experiment involving the conditioning of an eyeblink response to the sound of a click, hearing the click and then a second later feeling the puff of air in your eye is an example of a
Imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. Before conditioning, the sound of the click does not elicit an eyeblink; it is
When you opened the refrigerator one evening, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you feel extremely nauseous. The subsequent response of nausea to the sight of the refrigerator is an example

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