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business
business ethics

Questions and Answers of Business Ethics

What reasons, other than intentional discrimination, might explain the inequality of wages, employment, and positions of status?
Is discrimination against an LGBTQ job applicant discrimination “because of sex”? Is discrimination against a transgender job applicant discrimination “because of sex”?
How is discrimination based on sex different from, and similar to, discrimination based on gender?Assume the interpretation of “because of sex” adopted by Attorney General Sessions and evaluate
Some employers use threats to get employees to behave as they want, as when an employee is told to do something or face being fired. How is quid pro quo sexual harassment different from these other
A hostile workplace is a fact of life for many employees. One’s supervisor might be mean-spirited, demanding, angry, cantankerous, or bad-tempered. No laws prohibit hostile work environments. Why
Employers discriminate against job applicants and employees all the time. For example, employers regularly discriminate because of grade point averages, college attended, dress, demeanor, and
Attorney General Sessions claimed that the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination that is based on the biological categories of male and female. Why should those categories be subject to
Explain the four guiding principles of natural capitalism as developed by Lovins, Lovins, and Hawken.
What is the circular flow model of economic transactions? Explain how this model differs from the sustainable economics of Herman Daly.
Give examples of at least two market failures and explain how they represent challenges to the free market understanding of business’s environmental responsibilities.
How would you define a sustainable business? What are the three pillars of sustainability?
What is your understanding of the following: sustainable investing? sustainable agriculture?
Do you think that genetically modified foods should be part of a movement toward sustainable development? Are synthetic pesticides and fertilizers part of that future?
Are there some businesses or industries that cannot or should not become part of sustainable economic development? In what ways can an oil company become sustainable? In what ways can it not?
The Brundtland Commission’s definition of sustainable development includes responsibilities to future generations of people. What responsibilities, if any, do we have to future generations? How
Explain two ways in which a consumer could be described as vulnerable. What factors might make a person vulnerable in each sense? What are the ethics of marketing to the vulnerable?
To what degree do you think that modern marketing has created a dysfunctional affluent economy in which irrational and trivial consumer demand has replaced personal and social needs?
Explain the concept of consumer privacy. What information can a business legitimately come to know about a customer? What uses can they make of this information?
What things does advertising do for consumers? What does advertising do to consumers? In what ways has advertising done anything to you?
Explain how the FDA’s standards of deception and unfairness are related. How might an advertisement be both deceptive and unfair?
Distinguish between ethically acceptable means of influencing another and ethically improper means to influence another. Apply your answer to the case of advertisements for prescription drugs.
Distinguish between manipulation, deception, and a lie. Does the ethical wrong with these practices depend most directly on the consequences or on the intent?
Do you agree that the more information someone has about you, the better able they will be to predict your behavior? Do you believe that if they are able to predict your behavior, they will be able
Do you believe that people can become addicted to digital technologies? Do you believe that online and digital behavior can be controlled? Marketers have always relied on insights from psychology to
Are you troubled by the fact that so much information about you is available for purchase? Is personal information about you that is collected by businesses a commodity that they should be allowed to
The judge quoted in the Google case described above thought that “even unsophisticated consumers” would know that they are being tracked by Google Apps. Do you think this is correct?Does it
Most online tracking is done through the use of “cookies,” small files stored on a computer or mobile device that provide information about past browsing history. Should consumers have a right to
Physically stalking someone can be a crime. Are there parallels between physically stalking someone and regularly monitoring their activities and location on the web? How are they similar? How are
Courts sometimes use the “expectation of privacy” as a test for limiting governmental monitoring. Thus, for example, the police can monitor your behavior without a warrant when you are in a
Compare some of these “dark pattern” marketing techniques to phishing and other online or robocall scams. How are they alike? How are they different? Do you reach the same ethical conclusions
Explain three ways in which the lowest price might not be the ethically best price.
To what extent should manufacturers be held liable for harms caused by their products?
Explain the concept of negligence and offer an ethical defense of the claim that drug manufacturers should be held liable for negligent testing or production of their products.
Explain why caveat emptor would be the ethically preferred product safety approach of the free market economic theory.
Describe several ways in which consumers are less than free in making choices about which products to purchase.
An old adage in legal investigations is to “follow the money.” This suggests that the best way to identify the culprit is to identify the agent who benefits financially from the harm. Many
What responsibilities do pharmaceutical companies, drug distribution companies, and pharmacies have for the opioid epidemic? What responsibility do these companies have for knowing about, and
Is obesity and opioid addiction the sole responsibility of the individuals who choose to eat unhealthy foods or use opioids? Why or why not?
What responsibilities do fast-food restaurants and soft-drink manufacturers have for the quality of food and drinks that they sell? Do they have any responsibility for the obesity epidemic? Why or
What public policy approach would be most reasonable to protect consumers from harmful products?Should governments regulate the sale of high-sugar and high-fat food and beverages? How might market
Explain at least two ethical objections to insider trading. What, exactly, was wrong (if anything) with insiders selling Equifax stock prior to the disclosure of a data breach?
In what way is business like poker? In what way is it different?
Define trust and loyalty. Do all employees have a responsibility to be trustworthy? To be loyal? Why does Duska believe that loyalty is inappropriate in the workplace?
What is a conflict of interest and when and under what conditions are they unethical? Do the dual roles of an employee of a financial institution and a financial advisor constitute an unethical
How is the relationship between a person and a real estate agent or lawyer similar to the relationship between an employer and employee? How are they different?
Under what circumstances, or for what kinds of tasks, do you think agency problems are most likely to be a challenge?
Review the section on virtue ethics in chapter 2 and explain how the agency problem would be viewed from that perspective.
If you were asked to design a policy that would provide a solution to the agency problem in the company for which you work, where would you begin?
Can you think of examples in your own experience where someone is required to work as an agent for another, or when you were involved as an agent? How is the agent motivated in this particular case?
In what ways do elected officials and judges function as gatekeepers or watchdogs?
Should a principle of “buyer beware” be the standard in the financial advisory and financial services industries? Why or why not?
What strategies are available for requiring professionals to fulfill their professional duties when these run counter to the interests of their employers?
Who is harmed when gatekeepers failed in their duties? For example, who is harmed by misleading audits?Who benefits?
Reflect on all the ways in which you trust others during your daily life. How would your life change if you could not trust others? What institutions do you trust? What and who do you not trust?
Explain how individual bargaining between employer and employee would be the preferred method of the economic model of corporate social responsibility for establishing a healthy and safe workplace.
Explain what you take to be the strongest argument in defense of an employee’s right to participate in managerial decision making. Explain what you take to be the strongest argument against such a
What is the definition of due process? How does this relate to the concept of just cause?
What is the legal doctrine of employment at will? Explain three different legislative or judicial limitations on this doctrine. Do you think any are unreasonable?
Explain three different meanings of a right to work. Which, if any, do you think should be among the moral rights of employees?
Explain the difference between an employee’s legal, contractual, and moral rights.
If you are not doing anything wrong, why should you worry about what activities are being monitored by your employer?
Do you think that people care less about their privacy now than they did in the past? Have you become comfortable with the amount of personal information that business has about you?
Are there other human rights—for example, free speech, freedom of religion—that you think might be in jeopardy in the workplace?
Do you agree with Tim Cook that privacy is a human right? How do we determine what counts as a right?
How does the Greek philosophical notion of a telos relate to the human fulfillment theory of work?
Do you agree with Larry Fink that employers who do deliver in providing more meaningful and flexible workplaces will reap the rewards of greater economic performance? Can you think of any jobs or
Do you think that providing “meaningful work” should be understood as a duty of employers, or is it simply one benefit that can be offered if an employer chooses?
If you worked in HR for a company seeking to hire, what would you recommend to attract workers who have left during the “Great Resignation”?
Do you think that work from home makes work more or less attractive? What changes, post-pandemic, do you think employees will most demand?
What would make work more “meaningful” for you?
What factors other than wages would influence you to change jobs? To take a job? To quit a job? Other than wages, what are the three most important aspects of any job you would seek? If not for
Could you ever envision a point in your own life before retirement when you would be willing to trade wages and income for more leisure time? Besides taking time away from work to raise a family,
Put yourself in the position of someone who is establishing an organization from the ground up.What type of leader would you want to be? How would you create that image or perception? Do you create a
One element that surely impacts a firm’s culture is its employee population. While a corporate culture can shape an employee’s attitudes and habits, this will be more easily done if people with
Changing a corporate culture is very difficult. Imagine that you are asked after their recent scandals to help move a firm like Wells Fargo toward a more ethical culture. How would you begin to set
Consider how you evaluate whether a firm is “one of the good guys” or not. What are some of the factors that you use to make this determination? Identify one firm that you believe to be decent or
To help understand an organizational culture, think about some organization to which you belong.Does your company or school or fraternity/sorority have its own culture? How would you describe it? How
Is it fair to expect employees, whether they are professionals such as branch managers and accountants, or entry-level salespeople, to confront management over directives that they believe are
How do you understand the difference between a fiduciary model and a transactional, consumerist model of business–customer relationship? What reasons exist for the fiduciary model? Is there an
Sometimes when we assign responsibility, we are looking for someone to blame, someone who is at fault.Who do you blame in this case? Sometimes the question of responsibility is asked so that we can
Where would you place primary responsibility for this scandal: individual employees who forged customers’ accounts, managers who oversaw those employees, senior executives, board members, or the
Who were the stakeholders in this case?
As described in chapter 1, a helpful first step in any ethical analysis is to look for harms and benefits.What harms were done by this fraud? Can you explain exactly what the ethical wrong was? Who,
On what basis should social media platforms engage in content moderation? Where should they draw the line? On what grounds should they de-platform or censor some users? Does it matter if the company
How are Internet platforms similar to telephone companies as merely providing platforms for communications? How are they dissimilar? How are they similar or dissimilar to television stations or
How would the world change if Section 230 was repealed and Internet platforms could be held legally liable for the content posted to their sites? Can you imagine ways in which Section 230 should be
Facebook and other web-based platforms claim that it is near impossible to police the content that is posted to their sites beforehand. At best, their AI technology can flag and remove some content
There are two perspectives from which we might judge websites that post pornography or escort services.We might judge them from the perspective of an individual business opportunity, or from the
Given the legal protections offered by Section 230, it is generally legal to operate Internet websites such as TheDirty and 4chan. Should that change? Is it ethical to operate such a website? To use
In what ways, if at all, do you think that a virtuous life is ethically better than one lacking the virtues? In answering this question, refer to specific virtues (e.g., in what ways is a trustworthy
Develop a list of virtues and vices. As a helpful way to begin, think about the pledge offered by Boy Scouts and Girls Scouts that begins: “A scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful. …” Are these
How are utilitarian ethics relevant to business? Explain at least two challenges to utilitarian ethics.
Imagine that your city council or state legislature is considering an increase in the minimum wage to $15 per hour. What would you recommend to your representative? What reasons would you give to
Critics claimed that extending unemployment payments during the pandemic would create a disincentive for unemployed people to return to work. What does this assume about the motivation of workers? Do
What reasons might be offered by the Board of Directors of Apple to justify Tim Cook’s compensation?What reasons might be offered to criticize it?
What ethical issues are at stake in the debates over CEO pay? What ethical issues are at stake over a minimum wage increase?
Beyond the brief description provided above, what other facts would you like to know before making a judgment about the ethics of CEO pay? What other facts would you like to know before making a
What reasons would you offer to convince someone that ethical relativism is unreasonable?
This chapter introduced a distinction between ethics, morality, and social ethics. How would you describe each?
Why is obedience to the law not enough to be an ethical person, or an ethical business?

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