Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

1.13-17 Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
1.13-16 Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
1.13-15 What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?
1.13-14 What are some common misunderstandings about introversion? Does extraversion lead to greater success than introversion?
1.13-13 How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
1.• How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ?
1.• ____________(Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with more anger and greater feelings of vulnerability. _____________(Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us
1.• The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called _______________- _________________ ________________- .
1.• What are the positive and negative effects of high self-esteem?
1.• What is the best way to predict a person’s future behavior?
1.• Albert Bandura proposed the ______________-______________ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences
1.• What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?
1.• Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
1.12. The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called _______________ _______________ ______________ .
1.11. How might Rogers explain how environment infl uences the development of a criminal?
1.10. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization.Maslow based his ideas
1.9. Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking eventsb. Schemas that infl uence our perceptions and interpretationsc.
1.8. Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud abouta. the existence of unconscious mental processes.b. the Oedipus complex.c. the predictive value of Freudian theory.d. the
1.7. In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did ona. development throughout the life span.b. the collective
1.6. ____________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.
1.5. Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our _______________ .
1.4. According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Confl icts unresolved at any of these
1.3. Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of conscience”is related to the____________ , which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
1.2. According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the“executive” system, the___________ , seeks to gratify the impulses of the_____________ in more acceptable ways.a. id; egoc. ego; idb.
1.1. Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called ______________.
1.13-12 How have humanistic theories infl uenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?
1.13-11 How did humanistic psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?
1.13-10 How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?
1.13-9 How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?
1.13-8 How do contemporary psychologists view Freud’s psychoanalysis?
1.13-7 What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?
1.13-6 Which of Freud’s ideas did his followers accept or reject?
1.13-5 How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?
1.13-4 What developmental stages did Freud propose?
1.13-3 What was Freud’s view of personality?
1.13-2 How did Sigmund Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
1.13-1 What theories inform our understanding of personality?
1.• What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?
1.• How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?
1.• Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ______________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ________________ .
1.• In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ______________ at that stage.
1.• According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____________operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure
1.6. One way of resolving confl icts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called _________________ goals.
1.5. Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifi es the concept of _______________ -_________________ perceptions.
1.4. The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid ifa. the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance.b. no one else is present.c. other people are
1.3. After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes
1.2. A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep ____________love, even though their _____________love has probably decreased over the years.
1.1. The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifi es the __________ _____________effect.
1.12-17 How can we transform feelings of prejudice, aggression, and confl ict into attitudes that promote peace?
1.12-16 How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social confl ict?
1.12-15 How do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behavior?
1.12-14 When are people most—and least—likely to help?
1.12-13 How does romantic love typically change as time passes?
1.12-12 Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?
1.• What are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace?
1.• Why didn’t anybody help Kitty Genovese? What social psychology principle did this incident illustrate?
1.Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ____________ and ______________-_______________ .
1.• How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?
1.• How does being physically attractive influence others’ perceptions?
1.• People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the _____________ _____________ ______________ in action.
1.7. Social scientists studying the effects of pornography have mostly agreed that violent pornographya. has little effect on most viewers.b. is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes.c.
1.6. Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can bea. learned through direct rewards.b. triggered by exposure to
1.5. When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the _____________-______________ ______________.
1.4. Evidence of a biochemical infl uence on aggression is the fi nding thata. aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to culture.b. animals can be bred for aggressiveness.c. stimulation of an
1.3. The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ___________ (more/less) homogeneous than our own group.
1.2. If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. What psychological principle can
1.1. Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as ______________.
1.12-11 What psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
1.12-10 How does psychology’s defi nition of aggression differ from everyday usage? What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one another?
1.12-9 What are the cognitive roots of prejudice?
1.12-8 What is prejudice? What are its social and emotional roots?
1.• What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors?
1.• When prejudiced judgment causes us to blame an undeserving person for a problem, that person is called a __________________.
1.• Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses?Why do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?
1.9. Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as ______________ ______________.
1.8. In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and selfcontrol.This phenomenon is called ________________.
1.7. Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his
1.6. In Milgram’s experiments, the rate of compliance was highest whena. the “learner” was at a distance from the “teacher.”b. the “learner” was close at hand.c. other “teachers”
1.5. Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group ifa. the group members have diverse opinions.b. the person feels competent and secure.c. the person admires the
1.4. Jamal’s therapist has suggested that Jamal should “act as if” he is confi dent, even though he feels insecure and shy.Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion,
1.3. We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the ____________ - ________________-_____________-__________________
1.2. Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through(central/peripheral) route persuasion.
1.1. If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person’s behavior toa. moral weakness or an addictive
1.12-7 What are group polarization and groupthink, and how much power do we have as individuals?
1.12-6 How is our behavior affected by the presence of others?
1.12-5 What did Milgram’s obedience experiments teach us about the power of social infl uence?
1.12-4 What is automatic mimicry, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social infl uence?
1.12-3 How does culture affect our behavior?
1.12-2 How do attitudes and actions interact?
1.12-1 What do social psychologists study? How do we tend to explain others’ behavior and our own?
1.• When a group’s desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ____________has occurred.
1.• When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called _______________ _______________.
1.• You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates and their supporters.To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates’ faces for
1.• People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called __________________ ______________.
1.• What is social facilitation, and why is it more likely to occur with a well-learned task?
1.What situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?
1.• Psychology’s most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure’s demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant,
1.• Which of the following strengthens conformity to a group?a. Finding the group attractiveb. Feeling securec. Coming from an individualist cultured. Having made a prior commitment
1.• What is culture, and how does its transmission distinguish us from other social animals?
1.When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions,____________ ___________ theory attempts to explain why.

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