Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

1.• What do we mean when we say that, in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?
1.• In terms of perception, a band’s lead singer would be considered ______________ (figure/ground), and the other musicians would be considered _____________ (figure/ground
1.• What are two key theories of color vision? Are they contradictory or complementary? Explain
1.Cats are able to open their ______________ much wider than we can, which allows more light into their eyes so they can see better at night.
1.• Some nocturnal animals, such as toads, mice, rats, and bats, have impressive night vision thanks to having many more ______________ (rods/cones) than ____________(rods/cones) in their retinas.
1.6. Sensory adaptation helps us focus ona. visual stimuli.b. auditory stimuli.c. constant features of the environment.d. informative changes in the environment.
1.4. Another term for difference threshold is the _________________.
1.1. Sensation is to ______________ as perception is to _____________.a. absolute threshold; difference thresholdb. bottom-up processing; top-down processingc. interpretation; detectiond. grouping;
1.6-6 How do our expectations, contexts, motivation, and emotions infl uence our perceptions?
1.6-5 What is the function of sensory adaptation?
1.6-4 Does subliminal sensation enable subliminal persuasion?
1.6-3 How do absolute thresholds and difference thresholds differ, and what effect, if any, do stimuli below the absolute threshold have on us?
1.6-2 What three steps are basic to all our sensory systems?
1.• Does perceptual set involve bottom-up or top-down processing? Why?
1.• Why is it that after wearing shoes for a while, you cease to notice them (until questions like this draw your attention back to them)?
1.• Using sound as your example, explain how these concepts differ: absolute threshold, subliminal stimulation, and difference threshold.
1.• What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?
1.6. Which factors have researchers thus far found to be unrelated to the development of our sexual orientation?
1.5-13 What role do social factors play in our sexuality, and how do nature, nurture, and our own choices infl uence gender roles and sexuality?
1.5-12 What are the key criticisms of evolutionary explanations of human sexuality, and how do evolutionary psychologists respond?
1.5-11 How might an evolutionary psychologist explain malefemale differences in sexuality and mating preferences?
1.5-10 What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
1.5-9 What factors infl uence teenagers’ sexual behaviors and use of contraceptives?
1.5-8 How do external and imagined stimuli contribute to sexual arousal?
1.5-7 How can sexually transmitted infections be prevented?
1.5-6 What is the human sexual response cycle, and how do sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias differ?
1.5-5 How do hormones infl uence human sexual motivation?
1.• What are the three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality?
1.• How do evolutionary psychologists explain sex differences in sexuality?
1.• Which THREE of the following five factors have researchers found to have an effect on sexual orientation?a. A domineering motherd. A distant or ineffectual fatherb. The size of certain cell
1.• Which THREE of the following five factors contribute to unplanned teen pregnancies?a. Alcohol used. Mass media modelsb. Higher intelligence levele. Increased communication about optionsc.
1.• What factors influence our sexual motivation and behavior?
1.• The inability to complete the sexual response cycle may be considered a _________________ _____________. Exhibitionism would be considered a ______________ .
1.• The primary male sex hormone is ______________ . The primary female sex hormones are the _____________ .
1.8. When children have developed a ______________ ______________, they have a sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two.
1.7. Gender role refers to oura. personal sense of being male or female.b. culture’s expectations about the “right” way for males and females to behave.c. birth sex—our chromosomes and
1.6. An individual who is born with sexual anatomy that differs from typical male or female anatomy has a ____________ ____________ _____________ _____________ .
1.5. On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of ___________, boys at about the age of _______________.
1.3. A fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives a/n ______________ chromosome from its father.
1.2. Females and males are very similar to each other. But one way they differ is thata. females are more physically aggressive than males.b. males are more democratic than females in their
1.5-4 How do gender roles and gender identity differ?
1.5-3 How do sex hormones infl uence prenatal and adolescent sexual development, and what is a disorder of sexual development?
1.5-2 What are some ways in which males and females tend to be alike and to differ?
1.5-1 How does the meaning of gender differ from the meaning of sex?
1.• Prenatal sexual development begins about _______________ weeks after conception.Adolescence is marked by the onset of _____________ .
1.• __________________ (Men/Women) have tended to express more personal and professional interest in people and less interest in things.
1.• ______________ (Men/Women) are more likely to commit relational aggression, and ______________ (men/women) are more likely to commit physical aggression.
1.4. Contrary to what many people assume,a. older people are much less happy than adolescents are.b. we become less happy as we move from teen years into midlife.c. positive feelings tend to grow
1.3. Freud defi ned the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and .
1.2. How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?
1.1. By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability toa. recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter.b. select the correct defi nition
1.4-20 A loved one’s death triggers what range of reactions?
1.4-19 How does our well-being change across the life span?
1.4-18 What themes and infl uences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death?
1.4-17 How does memory change with age?
1.4-16 What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood?
1.• What are some of the most significant challenges and rewards of growing old?
1.• Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ____________ and to _______________.
1.4. Some developmental psychologists now refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of full adult independence) as
1.3. In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence isa. attaining formal operations.b. forging an identity.c. developing a sense of intimacy with another person.d. living independent of
1.2. According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the ____________ ____________stage.
1.1. Adolescence is marked by the onset ofa. an identity crisis.c. separation anxiety.b. puberty.d. parent-child confl ict.
1.4-15 What is emerging adulthood?
1.4-14 How do parents and peers infl uence adolescents?
1.4-13 What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?
1.4-12 How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?
1.4-11 How is adolescence defi ned, and how do physical changes affect developing teens?
1.What is the selection effect, and how might it affect a teen’s decision to join sports teams at school?
1.According to Kohlberg, ____________ morality focuses on self-interest, _____________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and ________________ morality focuses on upholding laws and
1.8. In a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artifi cial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother, rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding
1.7. An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father’s shoulder is showing ___________________ _________________.
1.6. Although Piaget’s stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children’s thinking, many researchers believe thata. Piaget’s stages begin earlier and development is more
1.5. Use Piaget’s fi rst three stages of cognitive development to explain why young children are not just miniature adults in the way they think.
1.4. Why can’t we consciously recall how we learned to walk when we were infants?
1.3. Which of the following is true of motor-skill development?a. It is determined solely by genetic factors.b. The sequence, but not the timing, is universal.c. The timing, but not the sequence, is
1.2. Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the _______________ lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.
1.1. Stroke a newborn’s cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustratesa. a refl ex.b. nurture.c. differentiation.d. continuity.
1.4-10 What are three parenting styles, and how do children’s traits relate to them?
1.4-9 How does childhood neglect or abuse affect children’s attachments?
1.4-8 How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned?
1.4-7 How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?
1.4-6 What is autism spectrum disorder?
1.4-5 From the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today’s researchers, how does a child’s mind develop?
1.4-4 During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?
1.• The three parenting styles have been called “too hard, too soft, and just right.” Which one is“too hard,” which one “too soft,” and which one “just right,” and why?
1.• What distinguishes imprinting from attachment?
1.• The biological growth process, called ________________, explains why most children begin walking by about 12 to 15 months.
1.5. Chemicals that pass through the placenta’s screen and may harm an embryo or fetus are called ________________ .
1.4. Body organs fi rst begin to form and function during the period of the ______________ ; within 6 months, during the period of the _______________ , the organs are suffi -ciently functional to
1.3. From the very fi rst weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These
1.2. Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example,a. most personality traits emerge in infancy and persist throughout life.b. temperament tends to remain
1.1. The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and ______________/_________________ .
1.4-3 What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants’ mental abilities?
1.4-2 What is the course of prenatal development, and how do teratogens affect that development?
1.4-1 What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists?
1.• Developmental psychologists use repeated stimulation to test an infant’s _____________ to a stimulus.
1.The first two weeks of prenatal development is the period of the ______________. The period of the _______________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two
1.• What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and (2) the idea of stability in personality across the life span? What findings challenge these ideas?
1.• Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting _______________; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting ________________.
1.Developmental researchers who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact are focusing on ____________ and ______________.

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