Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

3-13 How has the concept of addiction changed?
3-12 What are substance use disorders, and what roles do tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction play in these disorders?
• Studies have found that people who begin drinking in their early teens are much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder than those who begin at age 21 or after. What possible explanations
• Why do tobacco companies try so hard to get customers hooked as teens?
How does this pleasure-pain description apply to the repeated use of psychoactive drugs?
• Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates are all in a class of drugs called ____________ .
• How is a “shopping addiction” different from the psychological definition of addiction?
• What is the process that leads to drug tolerance?
9. “For what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night” (Menander of Athens, Fragments).How might the information-processing perspective on dreaming interpret this
8. How has neural activation been used to explain why we dream?
2. During the NREM-1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experiencea. sleep spindles.b. hallucinations.c. night terrors or nightmares.d. rapid eye movements.
1. Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as ___________ _____________.
3-11 What functions have theorists proposed for dreams?
3-10 What do we dream?
3-9 How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders?
3-8 What are sleep’s functions?
3-7 How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns?
3-6 What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?
3-5 How do our biological rhythms infl uence our daily functioning?
3-4 What is sleep?
• What five theories propose explanations for why we dream?
• A well-rested person would be more likely to have ___________ (trouble concentrating/quick reaction times) and a sleep-deprived person would be more likely to ____________ (gain weight/fight off
• What are five proposed reasons for our need for sleep?
• The __________ nucleus helps monitor the brain’s release of melatonin, which affects our __________ rhythm.
• Can you match the cognitive experience with the sleep stage? 1. NREM-1 2. NREM-3 3. REM a. story-like dreams b. fleeting images c. minimal awareness
• What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages?
1. Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called _________ ___________.2. We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of ____________
3-3 What is the dual processing being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience?
3-2 How does selective attention direct our perceptions?
3-1 What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?
• Explain three attentional principles that magicians may use to fool us.
• Those working in the interdisciplinary field called _________ __________ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of perception, thinking, memory, and language.
In what ways is the theory of multiple intelligences different from factoranalytic theories of intelligence?
What are some of the main reasons that intelligence tests have been devised and used?
Briefly summarize the key strands of AI research and name an example of a program in each strand.
How does intelligence develop in adults?
Can intelligence be improved, and if so, how?
How have researchers attempted to simulate intelligence using machines such as computers?
What are some alternative views of intelligence?
What are some information-processing approaches to intelligence?
What are the key issues in measuring intelligence? How do different researchers and theorists approach the issues?
Design a question, such as the ones used by Kahneman and Tversky, which requires people to estimate subjective probabilities of two different events. Indicate the fallacies that you may expect to
Using the information in this chapter, design a way to help high school students more effectively apply deductive reasoning to the problems they face.
Which parts of the brain play prominent roles in decision making?
What are the symptoms of groupthink?
Name and describe three fallacies.
What is the difference between overconfidence and hindsight bias?
Why do we use heuristics?
Why can the model of the economic man and woman not explain human decision making satisfactorily?
Are there any alternative views of reasoning?
How do people use inductive reasoning to make causal inferences and to reach other types of conclusions?
What are some of the forms of deductive reasoning that people may use, and what factors facilitate or impede deductive reasoning?
What are some of the strategies that guide human decision making?
Given some of the ideas regarding creativity presented in this chapter, what can you do to enhance your own creativity?
Given what we know about some of the hindrances to problem solving, how could you minimize those hindrances in your handling of the problems you face?
Design a context for problem solving that would enhance the ease of reaching a solution.
Design a problem that would require insight for its solution.
Compare and contrast the various approaches to creativity.
What are some of the insights into problem solving gained through studying computer simulations of problem solving? How might a computer-based approach limit the potential for understanding problem
What are some of the key characteristics of expert problem solvers?
Describe the steps of the problem-solving cycle and give an example of each step.
Which brain regions contribute to creative processes?
What makes a contribution creative?
Name some of the ways to identify a creative individual.
How does talent contribute to expertise?
Why does automatization help experts solve problems efficiently?
How do the schemas of experts and novices differ?
What is the role of incubation in problem solving?
Are analogies always useful for problem solving?
What is negative transfer?
How can mental sets impair our problem-solving ability?
Are insights always sudden?
According to Neo-Gestaltism, how can insightful problem solving and noninsightful problem solving be distinguished?
What is insight?
When are two problems isomorphic?
What is the difference between well-structured and ill-structured problems?
What are the different steps of the problem-solving cycle?
Why is the process of solving problems described as a cycle?
What is creativity, and how can it be fostered?
How does expertise affect problem solving?
What are some of the obstacles and aids to problem solving?
What are the differences between problems that have a clear path to a solution versus problems that do not?
What are some key steps involved in solving problems?
Give an example of a humorous violation of one of Grice’s four maxims of successful conversation.
Suppose that you are an instructor of English as a second language. What kinds of things will you want to know about your students to determine how much to emphasize phonology, vocabulary, syntax, or
Draft an example of a brief dialogue between a male and a female in which each may misunderstand the other, based on their differing beliefs regarding the goals of communication.
Write an example of a pidgin conversation between two people and a creole conversation, focusing on the differences between pidgins and creoles.
Compare and contrast the kinds of understandings that can be gained by studying speech errors made by healthy people with those that can be gained by studying the language produced by people who have
How should cognitive psychologists interpret evidence of linguistic universals when considering the linguistic-relativity hypothesis?
Why are researchers interested in the number of color words used by different cultures?
What is the difference between Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia?
What are some difficulties when drawing conclusions from lesion studies?
What does “plasticity” refer to with respect to the brain?
Which parts of the brain are involved in semantic processing?
Do animals have the same potential for language as humans? Explain.
Why do psychologists conduct research with animals?
How does gender have an impact on language?
What are some maxims of successful conversations?
What are some forms of nonverbal communication?
Name some kinds of slips of the tongue people make when they speak.

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