5. whereas voluntary patent licenses are typically accompanied by a contractual transfer of know-how covered by a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), compulsory licensing is not well-defined. Compulsory licensing seems to work only when there is technical alternative that can be imported or locally produced. It is not workable in case of R&D.

6. In light of these considerations, are Articles 30 and 31 of the TRIPS Agreement relevant at all, in your view?