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managing human resources

Questions and Answers of Managing Human Resources

2 Why are national stereotypes usually hostile? Describe the negative and positive stereotypes that people from other cultures hold of your own national culture.Explain how such negative stereotypes
1 Why are immigrants and minority groups often the targets of prejudice and discrimination? What are the negative effects of targeting these groups, and how could these effects be reduced or
4 After writing down the group’s agreed answers to questions 1, 2 and 3, the group splits into two sub-groups, A and B.
3 Based on the information given in the passage, did the store manager deal with the threatening behaviour of his white colleagues in an effective way? How should he have dealt with the situation?
2 Is there a link between perceptions of racism in interracial interactions and the ethnicity of the perceiver? If so, what is it?
1 Identify three factors that could underlie the store manager’s perceptions of racially motivated behaviour by his white colleagues.
In some multicultural organizations, nationalist feelings or anti-foreigner prejudice – or both – are at the root of various kinds of discrimination. For instance, minority employees may be
3 ‘During cross-cultural encounters people’s words and behaviour are guided by their culturally-derived norms of communicative behaviour.’ Expand the argument, giving examples of the kind of
2 Explain why the values of subcultures of an organization differ from each other and from the values of the overall organization. Give specific examples of the differences.
1 How are the corporate values of a large organization formed? Describe the process.
For an example of an international business deal that went wrong, consider the case of the uncontrolled dumping in 2006 of hundreds of tonnes of highly toxic oil waste around Abidjan, capital of
Most Western business visitors to Arab countries in the Middle East soon learn about the major value differences that separate societies in the Middle East from countries in Western Europe and North
Advance planning of an overseas business trip is, from one perspective, the most important stage of the visit. It allows the business person to acquire important information about the country to be
The wish to form a realistic picture of Japanese culture is what motivates a consulting engineer, preparing for an extended business trip to Japan, to attend a cultural briefing in London. The
Expatriate managers’ success in culturally distant countries often depends on them making sure that they introduce appropriate techniques and approaches which do not run counter to local values.
Expatriate managers who learn to speak the local language are able to discuss productivity and other job-related problems with employees, and are well-placed to find lasting solutions. But in
In companies in developing countries, imported management systems (like imported technology) can greatly boost efficiency and profits – but not when they run counter to local customs and values. In
Expatriate managers need to be equipped with up-to-date business and technological knowledge. But to be successful in their assignments, they also need to acquire a sound knowledge of local
The ability of expatriate managers to transfer technological and business knowledge to companies abroad is a key factor in many expatriate assignments. But the ability to establish good formal and
3 ‘Interracial communication competence contributes to successful interracial interactions.’ Expand and explain this statement. Give examples of ways in which a person’s interracial
2 Explain how, and under what conditions, increased contact between members of different racial groups can reduce levels of intergroup prejudice and discrimination.
1 ‘The behaviour of participants in interracial interactions can be understood as initial stress reactions and subsequent coping responses.’ Identify the main sources of stress in interracial
2 How could levels of reconciliation and integration among the different racial groups in South Africa be increaseda) in the short termb) in the long term?
1 Compare the findings of the Gibson (2004) and the Dixon, Durrheim and Tredoux(2007) surveys. To what extent do the findings of the 2007 survey support the findings of the 2004 survey, and to what
3 Xenophobia and violence are often associated with football. What responsibility does the game itself have for addressing nationalism, xenophobia and violence?
2 Why are national stereotypes usually hostile? Describe the negative and positive stereotypes that people from other cultures hold of your own national culture.Explain how such negative stereotypes
1 Why are immigrants and minority groups often the targets of prejudice and discrimination? What are the negative effects of targeting these groups, and how could these effects be reduced or
4 After writing down the group’s agreed answers to questions 1, 2 and 3, the group splits into two sub-groups, A and B.
3 Based on the information given in the passage, did the store manager deal with the threatening behaviour of his white colleagues in an effective way? How should he have dealt with the situation?
1 Identify three factors that could underlie the store manager’s perceptions of racially motivated behaviour by his white colleagues.V2 Is there a link between perceptions of racism in interracial
In some multicultural organizations, nationalist feelings or anti-foreigner prejudice – or both – are at the root of various kinds of discrimination. For instance, minority employees may be
Advance planning of an overseas business trip is, from one perspective, the most important stage of the visit. It allows the business person to acquire important information about the country to be
The wish to form a realistic picture of Japanese culture is what motivates a consulting engineer, preparing for an extended business trip to Japan, to attend a cultural briefing in London. The
Expatriate managers’ success in culturally distant countries often depends on them making sure that they introduce appropriate techniques and approaches which do not run counter to local values.
People from different cultural backgrounds have different communicative norms,different ways of sending and receiving messages.’ Give examples of the confusionsand misunderstandings caused by
3 Explain the various kinds of bias that can occur in cross-cultural interviews. How can the risk of bias by both interviewers and interviewees be reduced?
2 ‘Standard interviewing techniques often prove inadequate for interviewing people from diverse cultures.’ Explain, with specific examples, why this is the case.
1 ‘General qualities which cross-cultural interviewers need to acquire are cultural empathy and cross-cultural communication ability.’ Explain, with examples, why each of these qualities equips
2 Is the second interviewer right in giving most of the time to discussing Ibrahim’s current projects? What are the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this approach?
1 Is the first interviewer right to be concerned about the candidate’s qualifications and possible communication problems with colleagues? What are the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this
Biased cross-cultural interviews can lead to candidates being turned down for jobs which their qualifications and experience would enable them to do well. Consider, for instance, the case of Ibrahim,
3 ‘Speaking the same language does not mean sharing the same culture.’ Extend the argument, showing how cultural differences can lead to communication and relationship problems in the
2 Do you think that starting a cross-cultural selection interviews in a low-key way is an effective way of overcoming the communication apprehensions of the candidates?Give your reasons.
1 Was the interview fair and unbiased? What is your overall assessment of the way in which Bill conducted the interview? How could his conduct of the interview have been improved?
Job candidates who are well qualified to do the job and who have appropriate experience may turn it down if they perceive the selection process to be inefficient or unfair.That is why interviewers
2 What are the main features of an effective cross-cultural interview? List the features in order of importance.
1 The case highlights the importance of skilled and well-trained cross-cultural interviewers. In order of importance, what are the main qualities of a skilled crosscultural interviewer?
As researchers have shown (e.g., Richard, 2000), a diverse workforce brings competitive advantage to an organization. One benefit is the development of novel and creative solutions to the company’s
3 ‘When managers obtain an expatriate posting abroad they sometimes need to change their “natural” management style to be successful.’ Expand the argument, giving examples of situations where
2 Often managers are selected for expatriate assignments on the basis of technical expertise alone while other important qualities are ignored. Which other qualities are important for expatriate
1 ‘Expatriate managers are responsible for overseeing the transfer of technology and for overcoming the problems that this entails.’ What are the problems? How can they be overcome?
2 Explain how employee motivation in Arab countries differs from the Western model. Give reasons for the difference.
1 ‘Expatriate managers need to take account of the cultural realities.’ Which cultural realities did the expatriate manager fail to take account of? How should he have dealt with the cultural
The manager hit back by blaming the workforce for the productivity problem. He told the board that local employees lacked initiative. Even when simple problems cropped up which they were capable of
Expatriate managers who learn to speak the local language are able to discuss productivity and other job-related problems with employees, and are well-placed to find lasting solutions. But in
2 What alternative actions should the manager consider if he wishes to increase manufacturing output?
1 To what extent can the failure of the new bonus scheme be attributed to inadequate cross-cultural communication?
In companies in developing countries, imported management systems (like imported technology) can greatly boost efficiency and profits – but not when they run counter to local customs and values. In
3 Give examples of alternative strategies that could have been considered.
2 Which other people should have been involved in developing a strategy?
1 To what extent did the agricultural machinery strategy fail because it had been developed by only one person, the general manager?
Expatriate managers need to be equipped with up-to-date business and technological knowledge. But to be successful in their assignments, they also need to acquire a sound knowledge of local
2 ‘HMC’s success in China depends on its ability to effectively manage cross-cultural communication with Chinese managers and employees.’ Suggest three specific ways in which cross-cultural
1 What specific employment policies and practices would have the effect of improving relations between Chinese and Korean managers and employees at HMC’s Beijing plant?
The ability of expatriate managers to transfer technological and business knowledge to companies abroad is a key factor in many expatriate assignments. But the ability to establish good formal and
3 What causes conflict to erupt in multicultural teams? How can the risk of conflict be reduced? What are the different kinds of conflict in multicultural teams, and what effect does each kind of
2 Identify and explain factors that allow a multicultural team to achieve high levels of performance. Rank the factors in order of importance.
1 Cultural differences in multicultural teams may prevent cooperation and collaboration.How can that risk be reduced? What can be done to ensure that the team’s goals are shared by all subgroups?
3 ‘Rational decision-making is less likely to occur in a multicultural team than in a single-culture team?’. Develop the argument, giving examples from your own experience.
2 How are rational decisions made, according to classical decision-making theory?To what extent is effective decision-making an orderly and systematic process?
1 To what extent could the decisions made by the project team be described as rational and effective?
Not all conflict is destructive. In multicultural teams conflict can have positive results by producing decisions and ideas for action of a quality superior to those produced without conflict.
2 If the project team had been much larger – more than 50, say – what additional actions would the project manager have needed to take to ensure that the team had a shared sense of purpose and a
1 ‘Cooperation and collaboration between the different national groups was excellent.’ To what extent was this due to the initial discussions held between the project manager and team members
When a multicultural team is first set up, ethnic or national differences often prevent cooperation and collaboration. But that risk is reduced when performance goals are discussed and shared by all
4 Give examples of positive and negative micromessages. Explain the impact on employee morale of receiving negative micromessages from colleagues and supervisors.
3 Give examples from your own experience of the cultural variability of gestures and facial expressions. Explain how this variability can lead to serious misunderstandings in cross-cultural
2 Why, in cross-cultural meetings and discussions, is nonverbal communication by participants liable to be misinterpreted? Give examples from your own experience.
1a) ‘In cross-cultural business negotiations, nonverbal signals give insights into the attitudes and priorities of the participants.’ Expand the argument, using appropriate examples.b) How can a
7 Explain the impact, positive and negative, that micromessages have on employee morale.
6 ‘Every culture has a language of nonverbal behaviour that can confuse people from other cultures.’ Give examples of nonverbal behaviours in Zimbabwe, China and the Middle East that can have
5 Give examples of how high social status can be communicated nonverbally. How do members of different cultures vary in the nonverbal signals they use for this purpose?
4 Why is it important to try to use culturally appropriate nonverbal behaviour when living and working in a foreign country?
3 Give examples of how in cross-cultural gatherings, dislike or distrust of people from other ethnic groups may be expressed nonverbally.
2 In cross-cultural discussions why are nonverbal messages often more believable than verbal communication? Give examples.
1 In the context of international business, identify three important functions of nonverbal communication. Briefly explain why each of the functions is important.
3 What actions could be taken by management in the company to reduce negative micromessaging and increase positive micromessaging?
2 How do employees typically respond to receivinga) negative micromessagesb) positive micromessages? Give specific examples from your own experience.
1 Why did the IT expert feel demotivated?
Nonverbal communication is sometimes used in the multicultural workplace to express negative feelings towards employees who are undervalued or regarded as being different in some way (Guirdham,
3 What would have been the advantages and disadvantages of using an interpreter in this particular situation?
2 Is it likely that the doctor would have reached similar conclusions if an interpreter had been used?
1 To what extent was the doctor right to put so much emphasis on nonverbal communication during the consultation?
In some situations nonverbal signals are more effective than speech at communicating meaning. Linguistic barriers can make verbal communication uncertain or misleading in some cross-cultural
3 Explain the impact (positive or negative) that the paralinguistic aspects of speech –tone of voice, loudness, intensity etc. – can make during cross-cultural business discussions.
2 In what specific ways should the Japanese managers adjust their nonverbal behaviour when communicating with their Indian counterparts?
1 In what specific ways should the Indian managers adjust their nonverbal behaviour so as to reduce the risk of future misunderstandings and conflict when communicating with their Japanese
Working in small groups, study the mini-case and discuss each of the questions that follow, writing down the group’s agreed answer to each question. At the end of the exercise, each group presents
3 ‘Personality factors strongly influence the extent and pace of cross-cultural adjustment.’Explain why and how, providing specific examples.
2 The recovery-from-shock model of cross-cultural adjustment is being replaced by a model based on adequate preparation and interaction with local people. Which model do you prefer, and why?

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