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organizational communication

Questions and Answers of Organizational Communication

1. Remember that the same nonverbal message may mean different things to different people. Most nonverbal messages have multiple meanings that vary from person to person, culture to culture, and even
4. Reduce or eliminate distracting nonverbal messages. Fidgeting, tapping your fingers on a table, pacing, mumbling, using lots of pauses, and checking your phone often for texts and e-mails can
3. Adapt your nonverbal messages to the situation. Just as you make language choices to suit different situations, so should you do so with nonverbal messages. Assess what the situation calls for in
2. Intentionally align your nonverbal messages with your purpose. When nonverbal messages contradict verbal messages, people are more likely to believe the nonverbal messages, so it is important
1. Consciously monitor your nonverbal messages. Try to be more consciously aware of the nonverbal messages you send through your use of body, voice, space, time, and appearance. If you have
2. Reword the following sentences to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity:a. Margaret is a fantastic waitress.b. Mark, a Jewish fireman, is going to the Bahamas next week.c. I believe in equal rights
1. Reword the following messages using more specific, concrete, and familiar words:a. You know that I really love baseball. Well, I’m practicing a lot because I’m hoping to get a tryout with the
2. Select one of these popular TV sitcoms: Modern Family, The Big Bang Theory, Family Man, or Parks & Recreation. Watch an episode and record the following for each of the main characters: (a) use of
1. Pick an article from a favorite magazine. Read through it, highlighting instances in which the writer uses specific language, concrete language, and familiar language, and identify passages in
5. What is sociolinguistic meaning and how can we improve sociolinguistic understanding?
4. What is pragmatic meaning and how can we improve pragmatics?
3. What is semantic meaning and how can we improve semantics?
2. Why is sharing meaning through verbal messages so challenging?
1. What are the fundamental purposes of language?
3. Respect and adapt to the sociolinguistic practices of others. The old saying,“When in Rome, do as the Romans do” captures the essence of this guideline.
2. Practice mindfulness. Mindfulness is the practice of paying attention to what is happening at any given moment (Kabat-Zinn, 2009). If we are mindful when interacting with others, we will
1. Develop intercultural competence. The more you learn about other cultures, the better you will be able to convey and interpret messages when communicating with those whose sociolinguistic verbal
3. Preferred verbal style differs from culture to culture, particularly in terms of how direct or indirect a person ought to be (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005). A direct verbal style is characterized by
2. Cultures and co-cultures may have different norms about what is appropriate to say to whom, by whom, when, and about what. For example, the “appropriate” way to compliment others and accept
1. Cultures and co-cultures may assign meaning to specific words and combinations of words that differs from their semantic meaning. For example, in English we associate the word “pretty” with
5. Assume the best first. At times, you or your partner may intentionally break one of these guidelines and not signal it beforehand. In these instances, employ perceptionchecking in an attempt to
● If you violate guideline #3, you might say “This may be beside the point, but . . .,”
● If you violate guideline #2, you might say “If I told you, I’d have to kill you . . .,”
● If you violate guideline #1, you might say “I don’t know if this is true, but my sister said . . .,”
4. Acknowledge when your message violates a guideline. When you violate one of these guidelines, you should tell your partner that you are breaking it. Doing so will help your partner interpret what
3. Relate what you say to the topic being discussed. Link your messages to the purpose of the conversation and interpret the messages of others in line with the topic at hand. For example, Barry
2. Provide the right amount of information. Include all the information needed to fully answer the question and refrain from adding irrelevant information (Photo 4.6). For instance, when Sam is
1. Tell the truth. This guideline seems pretty self-explanatory. Say only what you believe to be true based on evidence to support your position. Sometimes we tell partial truths and rationalize that
2. Be sure to incorporate the concepts for clarifying semantic meaning in ways that are specific, concrete, descriptive, and linguistically sensitive.
1. Be sure to follow the speech organization directions provided by your instructor.
●● Compose effective verbal messages based on semantic, pragmatic, and sociolinquistic meanings.
●● Explain the nature and characteristics of language.
2. Visit the toys section of an online retailer and see if you can identify what are being promoted as “toys for boys” and “toys for girls,” as well as how the categories of “toys for
1. Consider your family as a co-cultural group. First, describe the scope of your family unit. Are you considering your nuclear family, extended family, etc? Who are the people who make up your
4. What are some specific strategies you can employ to improve your intercultural communication competence?
3. What are some barriers to effective intercultural communication you can personally work on to overcome?
2. What are some ways in which cultural norms and values differ?
1. How is cultural identity formed, maintained, and reformed?
3. Develop flexibility. Flexibility is the ability to adjust your communication to fit the other person and the situation. With flexibility, you can use a wide variety of communication skills during
2. Practice intercultural empathy. Intercultural empathy means imaginatively placing yourself in the other person’s cultural world and attempting to experience what he or she is experiencing
1. Practice listening. There are cultural differences in how people value and engage in listening. In the dominant culture of the United States, people listen closely for concrete facts and
4. What did you learn from your interviewee, and how did the interview compare to your other sources?
3. How was your understanding enriched from the additional academic sources you read?
2. What did you learn from the encyclopedia article that changed or deepened your knowledge?
1. What did you know about the culture before you began your research?
2. Be open-minded. Open-minded people are aware of their own cultural norms and values and recognize that other people’s norms and values may be different, but not wrong. Resist the impulse to
1. Tolerate ambiguity. Communicating with strangers creates uncertainty, and when the stranger also comes from a different culture, we can become anxious about what he or she will expect of us. When
3. Immersion. You can learn a great deal about another culture by actively participating in it. When you live or work with people whose cultural assumptions are different from yours, you not only
2. Observation. You can learn about a culture or co-culture by watching members interact with each other. We call this form of watching nonparticipant observation.As you watch, you can notice how
1. Formal study. You can learn about other cultures by reading books, periodicals, and Web sites about them. You can read personal accounts and ethnographic research studies, take courses, and
6. Incompatible Norms and Values. Sometimes what is considered normal in one culture is offensive in another. To the Vietnamese, dog meat is considered a delicacy.Many Americans might find the
5. Incompatible Communication Codes. When others speak a different language than we do, it is easy to see that we have incompatible communication codes. But even when people speak the same language,
4. Stereotyping. Recall that stereotyping is a perceptual shortcut in which people assume that everyone in a cultural group is the same. When we interact based on stereotypes, we risk engaging in
3. Ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others. The stereotype of the tourist in the host country, loudly complaining about how much better everything is
2. Assumed Similarity or Difference. When we cross into an unfamiliar cultural environment, we might assume that the norms that apply to our culture will also apply in the new one. When traveling
1. Anxiety. It is normal to feel some level of discomfort when entering a cultural setting whose norms and customs are unfamiliar to us. Most people experience fear, dislike, and distrust when first
●● Employ strategies to improve your intercultural communication competence.
●● Acknowledge potential barriers to effective intercultural communication.
●● Determine the characteristics of seven dimensions of cultural diversity.
●● Explain the relationships among dominant cultures and co-cultures, cultural identity, and communication.
2. Practicing Perception Checking Sentences For each of the following situations, write a well-phrased perception check.a. When Franco comes home from the doctor’s office, you notice he looks pale,
1. Perception Checking Practice As an individual or with a partner, prepare a perception-checking response to each of the following scenarios. Be ready to share your response aloud if called upon by
5. Seek clarification respectfully by perception checking. One way to assess the accuracy of a perception is to verbalize it and see whether others agree with what you see, hear, and interpret. A
4. Realize that your perceptions of a person will change over time. People often base their opinions, assumptions, and behaviors on perceptions that are outdated.So when you encounter someone you
3. Seek more information to verify perceptions. If your perception is based on only one or two pieces of information, try to collect additional information. Note that your perception is
2. Choose to use conscious processing as you get to know people. When you mindfully pay attention to someone, you are more likely to understand the uniqueness of him or her. Doing so can increase the
1. Question the accuracy of your perceptions. Questioning accuracy begins by saying,“I know what I think I saw, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt, but I could be wrong.What other information should I
●● Employ strategies to improve your perceptions of others.
●● Examine how we form perceptions of others.
●● Employ communication strategies to improve self-perceptions.
●● Explain how self-perception is formed and maintained.
●● Describe the perception process.
5. We communicate to influence others. We may communicate to try to convince friends to go to a particular restaurant or to see a certain movie, a supervisor to alter the work schedule, or an
4. We communicate to exchange information. Whether trying to decide how warmly to dress or whom to vote for in the next election, we all communicate to exchange information. We do so through
3. We communicate to develop and maintain relationships. For example, when Beth calls Leah to ask whether she’d like to join her for lunch to discuss a class project, her purpose actually may be to
2. We communicate to meet our social needs. Just as we need food, water, and shelter, so too do we need contact with other people. Two people may converse happily for hours about inconsequential
1. We communicate to develop and maintain our sense of self. Through our interactions, we learn who we are and what we are good at.
5. Ethical communicators are responsible. Responsible communicators recognize the power of words. Our messages can hurt others and their reputations. So we act responsibly when we refrain from
4. Ethical communicators demonstrate respect. Behaving respectfully means showing regard for others, including their point of view, their rights, and their feelings, even when they differ from ours.
3. Ethical communicators behave fairly. A fair person attempts to be impartial. To be fair to someone is to gather all of the relevant facts, consider only circumstances relevant to the situation at
2. Ethical communicators act with integrity. In other words, ethical communicators“practice what they preach.” The person who says, “Do what I say, not what I do,”lacks integrity. We often
1. Ethical communicators are honest. “An honest person is widely regarded as a moral person, and honesty is a central concept to ethics as the foundation for a moral life” (Terkel & Duval, 1999,
5. What is something unique about you that most people probably don’t know?
4. What are two personal goals you have for this class and why?
3. What are some of your personal and professional goals after college?
2. What are you majoring in and why?
1. What is your background? (Where were you born and raised? What is the makeup of your family?What else do you want to share about your personal background?)
4. Devise a method for measuring progress: “I will have made progress each time I describe my feelings to my group members about missed deadlines.”Figure 1.4 provides another example of a
3. Outline a specific procedure for reaching the goal: “I will practice the steps of describing feelings. (1) I will identify the specific feeling I am experiencing. (2) I will encode the emotion I
2. State the specific goal: “To describe my disappointment to other group members about their failure to meet deadlines.” Hint: Be sure to identify a measurable outcome.
1. Identify the problem: “Even though some of the members of my class project group have not produced the work they promised, I haven’t spoken up because I’m not very good at describing my
5. What is a competent communicator and what steps can you take to improve your communication competence?
4. What does it mean to be an ethical communicator as related to bright side and dark side messages?
3. What are the key characteristics of communication?
2. Describe the process of communication and how interference may impact it.
1. What is the nature of communication and the role of canned plans and scripts in it?
2. Communicating Over the Internet Consider the advantages and disadvantages of communicating via the following Internet-based mediums: e-mail, newsgroups, Blogs, iChat, Facebook, Twitter, and Skype.
1. Identifying Elements of the Communication Process For the following interaction, identify the message, channels, contexts, interference (noise), and feedback:Maria and Damien are meandering
●● Develop a personal communication improvement plan.
●● Assess messages using the principles of ethical communication.

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