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statistical sampling to auditing

Questions and Answers of Statistical Sampling To Auditing

I initially thought of creating an analysis of variance example from the example in Chapter 14, Section 14.7. I could have used Sex and Group as the independent variables, posttest scores as the
Write up the results of Everitt’s experiment, including effect sizes.
Everitt reported data on a study of three treatments for anorexia in young girls. One treatment was cognitive behavior therapy, a second was a control condition with no therapy, and a third was a
In Exercise 16.22 we used YearColl as the covariate. Run an analysis of variance on Year-Coll, using Gender and Group as the independent variables. What does this tell us that is relevant to the
Using the same data as in Exercise 16.21, run an analysis of covariance instead, using year in college (YearColl) as the covariate.a. Why would we want to consider YearColl as a covariate?b. How
Use the data from Mireault and Bond (1992) in the file named Mireault.dat referred to in Exercise 7.6 to run a two-way analysis of variance on the Global Symptom Index T score (GSIT) using Gender and
Use the data set named in Epinuneq.dat on the Web site to examine the results of the study by Introini-Collison and McGaugh (1986) described prior to Exercises 11.29–11.31. Using any statistical
Klemchuk, Bond, and Howell (1990) examined role taking in children. Children were administered a battery of role-taking tasks. They were classified as being in daycare or not being in daycare, and as
Compute the energy savings per household for the data in Exercise 16.16 by subtracting this year’s bill from last year’s bill. Then run an analysis of variance on the savings scores and compare
Compute the adjusted means for the data in Exercise 16.16.
To refine the experiment described in Exercise 16.15, a psychologist added an additional set of households to each group. This group had a special meter installed to show them exactly how fast their
In studying the energy consumption of families, we have broken them into three groups.Group 1 consists of those who have enrolled in a time-of-day electrical-rate system (the charge per kilowatt-hour
If you have access to SAS, use that program to analyze the data in Exercise 16.7. Add /SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 to the end of your Model command and show thata. Type I sums of squares adjust each term in the
Draw a Venn diagram representing the sums of squares in Exercise 16.7.
Draw a Venn diagram representing the sums of squares in Exercise 16.5.
Using the following data, demonstrate that Method III (the method advocated in this chapter)really deals with unweighted means.B1 B2 A1 5 11 3 9 14 611 9A2 10 6 11 2 12 7
For the data in Exercise 16.7, the complete model is 1.2306A1 2 3.7167B1 2 0.3500B2 1 0.4778AB11 2 0.5444AB12 1 13.6750a. Show that this model reproduces the treatment and interaction effects as
For the data in Exercise 16.5, the complete model is 1.1667A1 2 3.1667B1 2 0.1667B2 1 0.8333AB11 2 0.1667AB12 1 13.4167a. Show that this model reproduces the treatment and interaction effects as
Using only the SES predictors for the data in Exercise 16.7, we find SSreg1b2 5 379.3325.Why is this not the same as SSSES in Exercise 16.7?
When we take the data in Exercise 16.5 and delete the last two low-SES males, the last three average-SES males, and the last two high-SES females, we obtain the following sums of squares:Compute the
Using the SES portion of the design matrix as our predictor, we find that SSreg1b2 5 338.6667.a. Why is this value the same as SSSES in the answer to Exercise 16.5?b. Will this be the case in all
A psychologist was concerned with the relationship between Gender, Socioeconomic Status(SES), and perceived Locus of Control. She took eight adults (age 5 25 to 30 years) in each Gender–SES
Rerun the analysis of Exercise 16.2 for the amended data from Exercise 16.3.
Taking the data from Exercise 16.1, add the scores 5 and 8 to the Average group and the scores 2, 3, 3, and 5 to the Good group. Rerun the analysis for Exercise 16.1 using the more complete data.
For the data in Exercise 16.1,a. Calculate treatment effects and show that the regression model reproduces these treatment effects.b. Demonstrate that R2 for the regression model is equal to h2 for
The following hypothetical data were obtained from poor, average, and good readers on the number of eye fixations per line of text.Poor Average Good 10 5 3 7 8 5 8 4 2 11 6 3 5 5 4a. Construct the
In this chapter we spent a lot of time with Guber’s study of educational expenditures and found that when we controlled for the percentage of students taking the SAT exam, Expend was not a
Feinberg & Willer (2011) studied the effect of just-world beliefs on people’s willingness to accept the concept of global warming. They presented participants with material designed to prime them
Paul Jose has a Web site referred to in the section on mediation. He discusses a problem in which he believes that stress leads to depression through a mediating path via rumination.(In other words,
As you know, the regression coefficient gives the effect of one variable holding all other variables constant. How would you view this interpretation when you have an interaction term in your model?
Using the data you created in Exercise 15.37, demonstrate the effect of “centering” your predictor variables.
Make up a very simple example with very simple variables to illustrate how one could see the effect of an interaction between two predictors.
What are some of the reasons why stepwise regression (broadly defined) would not find favor with most statisticians?
In Exercise 15.34 we had a data set where BlamBeh was related to later distress at time 2.When it is included as a predictor along with Stress1 and BlamPer it is no longer a significant predictor.
Malcarne, Compas, Epping, and Howell (1995) examined 126 cancer patients soon after they were diagnosed with cancer and at a four-month follow-up. At the initial interviews(Time 1) they collected
I was surprised to see that frequency of the behavior was not related to the likelihood of reporting. Can you suggest reasons why this might be so?
Repeat Exercise 15.31 but this time use just the dichotomous predictor Marital Status. Create a contingency table of Married/Unmarried by Report/No Report, calculate odds ratios, and compare those
The data set Harass.dat contains slightly modified data on 343 cases created to replicate the results of a study of sexual harassment by Brooks and Perot (1991). The dependent variable is whether or
It is useful to examine the effects of measurement reliability on the outcome of a regression problem. In Exercise 15.24 the variable PVLoss was actually a reasonably reliable variable.However, for
Repeat the analysis of Exercise 15.24, requesting statistics on regression diagnostics.a. What, if anything, do these statistics tell you about the data set?b. Delete the subject with the largest
Notice that in the diagram in Exercise 15.27 SuppTotl has both a direct and an indirect effect on Depression. Its direct effect is the arrow that goes from SuppTotl to DepressT. The indirect effect
Draw one diagram to illustrate the relationships examined in Exercises 15.24 and 15.26.Use arrows to show predicted relationships, and write the standardized regression coefficients next to the
In Exercise 15.24 we posited a model in which depression was a function of perceived vulnerability, social support, and age at loss. An alternative, or additional, view might be that vulnerability
A compulsive researcher who wants to cover all possibilities might throw in the total score on perceived vulnerability (PVTotal) as well as PVLoss. (The total includes vulnerability to accidents,
Use the data set Mireault.dat from Mireault (1990), described in the Appendix and found on the Web site for this book, to examine the relationship between current levels of depression and other
Produce a set of data where the variance of Y values associated with large values of X is greater than the variance of Y values associated with small values of X. Then run the regression and plot the
Create a set of data on 10 cases that illustrates leverage, distance, and influence. Use any standard regression program to produce statistics measuring these attributes.
For the data in Exercise 15.16, would it be safe to conclude that decreasing the number of mothers who fail to seek medical care before the third trimester is a good way to decrease the incidence of
For the data in Exercise 15.16, compute Y^5 1X2 1 1X4 2 3X5. How well does this equation fit compared with the optimal equation? Why should this be the case?
In Exercise 15.16 the fifth predictor has a very low correlation with the criterion (r 5 .05)and yet plays a significant role in the regression. Why?
In Exercise 15.16 the adjusted R2 would actually be lower for five predictors than for three predictors. Why?
In Exercise 15.16 what meaning attaches to R* as far as the Vermont Department of Health is concerned?
The State of Vermont is divided into 10 Health Planning Districts—they correspond roughly to counties. The following data represent the percentage of live births of babies weighing under 2500 grams
Refer to the first three variables in Exercise 15.4.a. Draw a figure comparable to Figure 15.1.b. Obtain the regression solution for these data and relate the solution to the figure.
Refer to the first three variables from Exercise 15.4.a. Use any computer program to calculate the squared semipartial correlation and the squared partial correlation for Satisfaction as the
Calculate the adjusted R2 for the 15 cases in Exercise 15.12.
Using the following (random) data, demonstrate what happens to the multiple correlation when you drop cases from the data set (e.g., use 15 cases, then 10, 6, 5, 4).Y 5 0 5 9 4 8 3 7 0 4 7 1 4 7 9 X1
Use Y and Y^from Exercise 15.10 to show that MSresidual is a1Y 2 Y^22/ 1N 2 p 2 12 .
What does the Tolerance column in Exhibit 15.6 contribute to the answers in Exercises 15.7 and 15.8?15.10 Using the data in Exercise 15.4, generate Y^and show that R0.1234 5 r Y Y^.
All other things being equal, the stability of any given regression coefficient across different samples of data is partly a function of how that variable correlates with other predictors.Explain
All other things being equal, the ability of two variables to predict a third will increase as the correlation between them decreases. Explain this fact in terms of semipartial correlation.
Calculate the adjusted R2 for the data in Exercise 15.4.
Refer to Exercise 15.4.a. Which variable has the largest semipartial correlation with the criterion, partialling out the other variables?b. The overall F in Exercise 15.4 is not significant, yet
A large corporation is interested in predicting a measure of job satisfaction among its employees. They have collected data on 15 employees who each supplied information on job satisfaction, level of
For the values of b in Exercise 15.2, the corresponding standard errors are[0.397 0.252 0.052 0.025]Which, if any, predictor would you be most likely to drop if you wanted to refine your regression
Refer to Exercise 15.1. Assume that b 5 [20.438 0.762 0.081 20.132]Interpret the results.
A psychologist studying perceived “quality of life” in a large number of cities (N 5 150)came up with the following equation using mean temperature (Temp), median income in$1000 (Income), per
Find an example of a three-way factorial in the research literature in which at least one of the interactions is significant and meaningful. Then create a data set that mirrors those results.
In the analysis of Seligman et al. (1990) data on explanatory style (Table 13.15), you will note that there are somewhat more males than females in the Optimist group and more females than males in
Gartlett & Bos (2010) presented data on the outcomes of male and female children raised by same-sex (lesbian) parents and those raised by opposite-sex parents. In a longitudinal study following 78
Rerun the analysis in Exercise 13.29 but treat both variables as fixed and crossed. Show that the SSschool(code) in Ex13-31 is the sum of SSschool and SSschool*code in this analysis. (Hint: If you
An educational researcher wanted to test the hypothesis that schools that implemented strict dress codes produced students with higher academic performance. She randomly selected 7 schools in the
A psychologist interested in esthetics wanted to compare composers from the classical period to composers from the romantic period. He randomly selected four composers from each period, played one
Using the data from Exercise 13.26, reproduce the simple effects shown in Table 13.14.
The data for the three-way analysis of variance given in Table 13.14 are found on the Web.They are named Tab13–14.dat. The first three entries in each record represent the coding for A
Obtain the Tukey test for Dosage from the analysis of variance in Exercise 13.23. Interpret the results.
In Exercise 11.30 you calculated the average of the nine cell variances. How does that answer compare to the MSerror from Exercise 13.23?
Use any statistical package to run the two-way analysis of variance on Interval and Dosage for the data in Epineq.dat on the Web site. Compare the results you obtain here with the results you
In Chapter 2 we considered Sternberg’s experiment on the time it takes to report whether a test stimulus was part of a prior stimulus display. The independent variables were the number of stimuli
To study the effects of early experience on conditioning, an experimenter raised four groups of rats in the presence of (1) no special stimuli, (2) a tone stimulus, (3) a vibratory stimulus, and (4)
Calculate d^ for the data in Exercise 13.5.
Calculate h2 and v^ 2 for Exercise 13.5.
Calculate d^for the data in Exercise 13.1.
Calculate h2 and v^ 2 for Exercise 13.1.
Klemchuk, Bond, & Howell (1990) examined role-taking ability in younger and older children depending on whether or not they attended daycare. The dependent variable was a scaled role-taking score.
Describe a reasonable experiment for which the primary interest would be in the interaction effect.
Make up a set of data for a 2 3 2 design that has no main effects but does have an interaction.
Make up a set of data for a 2 3 2 design that has two main effects but no interaction.
In Exercise 11.3 you ran a test between Groups 1 and 3 combined versus Groups 2 and 4 combined. How does that compare to testing the main effect of Level of processing in Exercise 13.11? Is there any
Refer to Exercise 11.3a in Chapter 11. You will see that it forms a 2 3 2 factorial. Run the factorial analysis and interpret the results.
Use simple effects to examine the effect of delay of stimulation in area A for the data in Exercise 13.5.
Use the Bonferroni test to compare the neutral site to each of the other areas in Exercise 13.5, ignoring the length of stimulation. (Hint: Follow the procedures outlined in Chapters 11 and 12, but
Use simple effects to clarify the results for the Area factor in Exercise 13.5. Show that these simple effects sum to the correct figure.
For the study in Exercise 13.5, to what would a1 refer (if A were used to represent Area)?
Plot the cell means in Exercise 13.5.
In a study of memory processes, animals were tested in a one-trial avoidance-learning task.The animals were presented with a fear-producing stimulus on the learning trial as soon as they stepped
Use simple effects to compare the three groups of multiparous mothers in Exercise 13.1.
Refer to Exercise 13.1. It seems obvious that the sample sizes do not reflect the relative frequency of age and parity characteristics in the population. Under what conditions would this be a
In Exercise 13.1 the design may have a major weakness from a practical point of view.Notice the group of multiparous mothers less than 18 years of age. Without regard to the data, would you expect
In a study of mother–infant interaction, mothers are rated by trained observers on the quality of their interactions with their infants. Mothers are classified on the basis of whether or not this

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