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statistics alive

Questions and Answers of Statistics Alive

Club officers again In Exercise 4.15, two officers were to be selected to attend a conference in New Orleans.Three of the officers are female and two are male.It is decided to send one female and one
Security awareness training Of 400 employees at a company, 25% work in production, 40% work in sales and marketing, and 35% work in new product development.As part of a security awareness training
Teaching and learning model A school district comprises 24 schools. The numbers of students in each of the schools are as follows:455 423 399 388 348 344 308 299 297 272 266 260 252 244 222 209 175
Pelvic girdle pain and sick leave The contingency table shows results from a Norwegian study about whether there was an association between pelvic girdle pain (PGP)and sick leave during pregnancy
Smoking and lung cancer Refer to the smoking case-control study in Example 8. Since subjects were not matched according to all possible lurking variables, a cigarette company can argue that this
Dream job and reality In 1995, 1000 teenagers participated in a survey. The respondents were asked about their dream jobs. Fifteen years later, a follow-up survey was conducted to see whether people
Baseball under a full moon Exercise 4.10 mentioned that the away team has won 13 consecutive games played between the Boston Brouhahas and Minnesota Meddlers during full moons. This is a statement
Are two factors helpful? In 2014, a two-factor experiment was conducted in Eufaula city in Alabama (Omidire et al., 2015). It was designed to compare two fertilizers and to analyze whether yield
Which teaching method is more efficient? An experiment was designed to compare the efficiency of three types of teaching methods—traditional face-to-face instruction, hybrid (technology-mediated
Effect of partner smoking in smoking cessation study Smokers may have a more difficult time quitting smoking if they live with a smoker. How can an experiment explore this possibility in a study to
Cell phones If you want to conduct a study with humans to see whether cell phone use makes brain cancer more likely, explain why an observational study is more realistic than an experiment.
Observational versus experimental study Without using technical language, explain the difference between observational and experimental studies to someone who has not studied statistics. Illustrate
Unethical experimentation Give an example of a scientific question of interest for which it would be unethical to conduct an experiment. Explain how you could instead conduct an observational study.
Spinal fluid proteins and Alzheimer’s A research study published in 2010 in the Archives of Neurology investigated the relationship between the results of a spinal fluid test and the presence of
Fear of drowning In 2015, the National Drowning Report published in Australia shows a drowning rate of 0.26 per 100,000 people in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). A few days ago, you read
NCAA men’s basketball poll The last four teams of the Southeast region of the 2011 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament were Butler (located in Indiana), Brigham Young University (located in Utah),
Sampling your city’s citizens You are assigned to direct a study in your city to discover factors that are associated with good health. You decide to identify 50 citizens who have perfect health.
Beware of online polls According to an online poll, 46%of Americans support Apple Inc.’s decision to oppose a federal court order demanding that it unlock a smartphone used by one of the culprits
Comparing female and male students You plan to sample from the 3500 undergraduate students who are enrolled at the University of Rochester to compare the proportions of female and male students who
Second job for MPs An online poll was conducted asking respondents whether they thought members of parliament (MPs) should be allowed second jobs to boost their annual basic salary. The poll had two
Obesity in metro areas A Gallup poll tracks obesity in the United States for the most and least obese metro areas in the United States. The poll, based on more than 200,000 responses between January
Voluntary sports polls In 2014, the Pittsburgh Penguins were ahead of the New York Rangers three games to one in the first round of the National Hockey League playoffs.ESPN.com conducted a voluntary,
Video games mindless? “Playing video games not so mindless.” This was the headline of a news report14 about a study that concluded that young adults who regularly play video games demonstrated
Physicians’ health study Read about the first Physicians’ Health Study at phs.bwh.harvard.edu.a. Explain whether it was (i) an experiment or an observational study and (ii) a retrospective or
Aspirin prevents heart attacks? During the 1980s approximately 22,000 physicians over the age of 40 agreed to participate in a long-term study called the Physicians’Health Study. One question
Exercise and heart attacks Refer to Exercise 4.68. One potential confounding variable was the amount of exercise the physicians got. The randomization should have balanced the treatment groups on
Smoking and heart attacks Repeat the previous exercise, considering another potential confounding variable—whether the physicians smoked. The contingency table cross-classifies treatment group by
Aspirin, beta-carotene, and heart attacks In the study discussed in the previous three exercises, this completely randomized study actually used two factors: whether received aspirin or placebo and
Bupropion and nicotine patch study results The subjects for the study described in Example 11 were evaluated for abstinence from cigarette smoking at the end of 12 months.The table shows the
Prefer M&Ms or Smarties? You want to conduct an experiment with your siblings to see whether they prefer M&Ms or Smarties candies.a. Explain how you could do this, incorporating ideas of blinding and
Comparing gas brands The marketing department of a major oil company wants to investigate whether cars get better mileage using its gas (Brand A) than from an independent one (Brand B) that has
Samples not equally likely in a cluster sample? In a cluster random sample with equal-sized clusters, every subject has the same chance of selection. However, the sample is not a simple random
Nursing homes You plan to sample residents of registered nursing homes in your county. You obtain a list of all 97 nursing homes in the county, and randomly select five of them. You obtain lists of
Multistage health survey A researcher wants to study regional differences in dental care. He takes a multistage sample by dividing the United States into four regions, taking a simple random sample
Marijuana and schizophrenia Many research studies focus on a link between marijuana use and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Studies have found that people with schizophrenia are twice as
Family disruption and age at menarche In 2013, a study was conducted in New Zealand. Information was used from a community sample of full sister pairs. This study examined menarcheal age in a group
Cell phone use Using the Internet, find a study about cell phone use and its potential risk when used by drivers of automobiles.a. Was the study an experiment or an observational study?b. Identify
Read a medical journal Go to a website for an online medical journal, such as British Medical Journal(www.bmj.com). Pick an article in a recent issue.a. Was the study an experiment or an
Internet poll Find an example of results of an Internet poll. Do you trust the results of the poll? If not, explain why not.
Search for an observational study Find an example of an observational study from a newspaper, journal, the Internet, or some other medium.a. Identify the explanatory and response variables and the
Search for an experimental study Find an example of a randomized experiment from a newspaper, journal, the Internet, or some other media.a. Identify the explanatory and response variables.b. What
Judging sampling design In each of the following situations, summarize negative aspects of the sample design.a. A newspaper asks readers to vote at its Internet site to determine whether they believe
More poor sampling designs Repeat the previous exercise for the following scenarios:a. A principal in a large high school wants to sample student attitudes toward a proposal that seniors must pass a
Age for legal alcohol You want to investigate the opinions students at your school have about whether the age for legal drinking of alcohol should be 18.a. Write a question to ask about this in a
Quota sampling An interviewer stands at a street corner and conducts interviews until obtaining a quota in various groups representing the relative sizes of the groups in the population. For
Smoking and heart attacks A Reuters story (April 2, 2003)reported that “The number of heart attack victims fell by almost 60% at one hospital six months after a smoke-free ordinance went into
Issues in clinical trials A randomized clinical trial is planned for AIDS patients to investigate whether a new treatment provides improved survival over the current standard treatment. It is not
Compare smokers with nonsmokers Example 8 and Table 4.2 described a case-control study on smoking and lung cancer. Explain carefully why it is not sensible to use the study’s proportion of smokers
Is a vaccine effective? A vaccine is claimed to be effective in preventing a rare disease that occurs in about one of every 100,000 people. Explain why a randomized clinical trial comparing 100
Distinguish helping and hindering among infants Researchers at Yale University’s Infant Cognition Center were interested in determining whether infants had the ability to distinguish between the
Distinguish helping and hindering among infants, continued In the previous exercise, we considered how showing each baby in the study the two videos in the same order might create a bias. In fact, of
Distinguish helping and hindering among infants, continued Fourteen of the 16 infants in the Yale study elected to play with a toy resembling the helpful figure as opposed to one resembling the
Multiple choice: What’s a simple random sample?A simple random sample of size n is one in whicha. Every nth member is selected from the population.b. Each possible sample of size n has the same
Multiple choice: Be skeptical of medical studies? An analysis of published medical studies about heart attacks(Crossen, 1994, p. 168) noted that in the studies having randomization and strong
Multiple choice: Opinion and question wording A recent General Social Survey asked subjects whether they supported legalized abortion in each of seven circumstances.The percentage who supported
Multiple choice: Campaign funding When the Yankelovich polling organization asked, “Should laws be passed to eliminate all possibilities of special interests giving huge sums of money to
Multiple choice: Emotional health survey An Internet poll conducted in the United Kingdom by Netdoctor.co.uk asked individuals to respond to an “emotional health survey”(see
Multiple choice: Sexual harassment In 1995 in the United Kingdom, the Equality Code used by the legal profession added a section to make members more aware of sexual harassment. It states that
Multiple choice: Effect of response categories A study(N. Schwarz et al., Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 49, 1985, p. 388) asked German adults how many hours a day they spend watching TV on a typical
Systematic sampling A researcher wants to select 1% of the 10,000 subjects from the sampling frame. She selects subjects by picking one of the first 100 on the list at random, skipping 100 names to
Complex multistage GSS sample Go to the website for the GSS, on Documentation and then click Sampling Design and Weighting. There you will see described the complex multistage design of the GSS.
Mean family size You’d like to estimate the mean size of families in your community. Explain why you’ll tend to get a smaller sample mean if you sample n families than if you sample n individuals
Capture–recapture Biologists and naturalists often use sampling to estimate sizes of populations, such as deer or fish, for which a census is impossible. Capture–recapture is one method for doing
Munchie capture–recapture Your class can use the capture–recapture method described in the previous exercise to estimate the number of goldfish in a bag of Cheddar Goldfish. Pour the Cheddar
Activity: Sampling the states This activity illustrates how sampling bias can result when you use a nonrandom sample, even if you attempt to make it representative:You are in a geography class,
2.133 Political conservatism and liberalism Where do Americans tend to fall on the conservative–liberal political spectrum? The General Social Survey asks, “I’m going to show you a seven-point
2.131 Youth unemployment by gender The side-by-side box plots below show the unemployment rate among 15- to 24-year-olds in 28 European nations for each gender. The two outliers shown for each box
2.129 Controlling asthma A study of 13 children suffering from asthma (Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol. 20, pp. 429–432, 1990) compared single inhaled doses of formoterol(F) and salbutamol
2.126 Who was Roger Maris? Roger Maris, who spent most of his professional baseball career with the New York Yankees, held the record for the most home runs in one season (61) from 1961 until 1998,
2.123 SAT scores The U.S. statewide average total SAT scores math + reading + writing for 2010 are summarized in the box plot. These SAT scores are out of a possible 2400.(Data available on the
2.117 NASDAQ stock prices The data values below represent the closing prices of the 20 most actively traded stocks on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange (rounded to the nearest dollar) on May 2, 2014.a.
2.116 Cereal sugar values Revisit the sugar data for breakfast cereals that are given in Example 4.a. Interpret the box plot in the figure (MINITAB output) by giving approximate values for the
2.112 Hurricane damage The histogram shows the distribution of the damage (in billion dollars) of the 30 most costly hurricanes hitting the U.S. mainland between 1900 and 2010. (Numbers are inflation
2.108 Central Park monthly temperatures The MINITAB graph below uses dot plots to compare the distributions of the Central Park temperatures from 1869–2010 for the months of January and July.a.
2.99 Sandwiches and protein Listed in the table below are the prices of six-inch Subway sandwiches at a particular franchise and the number of grams of protein contained in each sandwich.a. Construct
2.98 Match the histogram Match each lettered histogram with one of the following descriptions: Skewed to the left, bimodal, symmetric, skewed to the right. 15 25 35 45 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 15 25 35
2.97 Newspaper reading Exercise 2.24 gave results for the number of times a week a person reads a daily newspaper for a sample of 36 students at the University of Georgia.The frequency table is shown
2.95 Number of siblings In a survey administered to members of an entertainment club, the results obtained for the question “How many siblings do you have?” werea. What is the sample size in this
2.94 Chad voting problems The 2000 U.S. presidential election had various problems in Florida. One was overvotes—people mistakenly voting for more than one presidential candidate. (There were
2.92 Young non-citizens in the U.S. The table shows the number of 18- to 24-year-old noncitizens living in the United States between 2010 and 2012.a. Is Region of Birth quantitative or categorical?
2.88 Federal government spending Explain what is wrong with the following pie chart, which depicts the federal government breakdown by category for 2010. Education (1%) Interest on national debt (5%)
2.87 BBC license fee Explain what is wrong with the time plot shown of the annual license fee paid by British subjects for watching BBC programs. (Source: Evening Standard, November 29, 2006.)
2.86 Terrorism and war in Iraq In 2004, a college newspaper reported results of a survey of students taken on campus. One question asked was, “Do you think going to war with Iraq has made Americans
2.85 Enrollment trends Examples 18 and 19 presented graphs showing the total student enrollment at a U.S. university between 2004 and 2012 and the data for STEM major enrollment during that same time
2.84 Market share for food sales The pie chart shown was displayed in an article in The Scotsman newspaper(January 15, 2005) to show the market share of different supermarkets in Scotland.a. Pie
2.82 CO2 comparison The vertical side-by-side box plots shown below compare per capita carbon dioxide emissions in 2011 for many Central and South American and European nations. (Data available on
2.75 Energy statistics The Energy Information Administration records per capita consumption of energy by country. The box plot below shows 2011 per capita energy consumption(in millions of BTUs) for
2.72 Central Park temperature distribution revisited Exercise 2.26 showed a histogram for the distribution of Central Park annual average temperatures. The box plot for these data is shown here.a. If
2.63 Youth unemployment In recent years, many European nations have suffered from relatively high youth unemployment.For the 28 EU nations, the table below shows the unemployment rate among 15- to
2.55 Shape of cigarette taxes A recent summary for the distribution of cigarette taxes (in cents) among the 50 states and Washington, D.C., in the United States reported xQ = 73 and s = 48. Based on
2.52 Histograms and standard deviation The figure shows histograms for three samples, each with sample size n = 100.a. Which sample has the (i) largest and (ii) smallest standard deviation?b. To
2.44 Knowing homicide victims The table summarizes responses of 4383 subjects in a recent General Social Survey to the question, “Within the past 12 months, how many people have you known
2.43 Marriage statistics for 20–24-year-olds The table in the next column shows the number of times 20–24-year-old U.S. residents have been married, based on a Bureau of the Census report from
2.41 European fertility The European fertility rates (mean number of children per adult woman) from Exercise 2.18 are shown again in the table.a. Find the median of the fertility rates. Interpret.b.
2.36 Center of plots The figure shows dot plots for three sample data sets.a. For which, if any, data sets would you expect the mean and the median to be the same? Explain why.b. For which, if any,
2.35 Cereal sodium The dot plot shows the cereal sodium values from Example 4. What aspect of the distribution causes the mean to be less than the median? Dot Plot of Sodium Values for 20 Breakfast
2.27 Is whooping cough close to being eradicated? In the first half of the 20th century, whooping cough was a frequently occurring bacterial infection that often resulted in death, especially among
2.26 Central Park temperatures The first figure shows a histogram of the Central Park, New York, annual average temperatures from 1869 to 2012.a. Describe the shape of the distribution.b. What
2.25 Blossom widths A data set (available at the book’s website) analyzed by the famous statistician R. A. Fisher consisted of measurements of different varieties of iris blossoms. Histograms
2.24 How often do students read the newspaper? Question 14 on the class survey (Activity 3 in Chapter 1) asked,“Estimate the number of times a week, on average, that you read a daily

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