The confidence intervals presented in this chapter give both lower and upper bounds on plausible values for the population characteristic being estimated. In some instances, only an upper bound or only a lower bound is appropriate. Using the same reasoning that gave the large sample interval in Section 9.3, we can say that when n is large, 99% of all samples have m , x 1 2.33 s

!n

(because the area under the z curve to the left of 2.33 is

.99). Thus, x 1 2.33 s

!n is a 99% upper confidence bound for m. Use the data of Example