Women who are severely overweight suffer economic consequences, a study has shown. They have household incomes that are an average of

$6710 lower. The findings are from an eight-year observational study of 10,039 randomly selected women who were 16 to 24 years old when the research began. Does this study give strong evidence that being severely overweight causes a woman to have a lower income?

(a) Yes. The study included both women who were severely overweight and women who were not.

(b) Yes. The subjects in the study were selected at random.

(c) No. The study showed that there is no connection between income and being severely overweight.

(d) No. The study suggests an association between income and being severely overweight, but we can’t draw a cause-and-effect conclusion.

(e) There is not enough information to answer this question.