5.4 Answer the following questions using the data in Table 5.12, obtained from the 2006 administration of the GSS:

a. What is the marginal association between gender and belief in the afterlife? Interpret the value of the appropriate marginal odds ratio.

b. What are the conditional associations (odds ratios) between gender and belief in the afterlife (by religious beliefs group)?

c. Is there evidence that the conditional association between gender and belief in the afterlife depends on religious beliefs? Report the appropriate test statistic to support your answer.

d. Is there evidence for conditional independence between gender and belief in the afterlife (conditional on religious beliefs)? Report the appropriate test statistic to support your answer.

e. Write a brief (sentence or two) summary describing the nature of the associations present in this data set (including a substantive interpretation) based on your answers to parts (a)–(d).