For adults who sailed on the Titanic on its fateful voyage, the odds ratio between gender (female, male) and survival (yes, no) was 11.4. (For data, see R. Dawson, J. Statist. Educ. 3, no. 3, 1995.)

a. What is wrong with the interpretation, “The probability of survival for females was 11.4 times that for males”? Give the correct interpretation.

b. The odds of survival for females equaled 2.9. For each gender, find the proportion who survived.

c. Find the value of R in the interpretation, “The probability of survival for females was R times that for males.”