For tests of independence, {j= n;+n+/n}. Show that {ij} have the same row and column totals as the observed data. For 2 x 2 tables, show that their odds ratio equals 1.0. Hence, they satisfy the null hypothesis. (For I XJ tables, the odds ratio equals 1.0 for every 2 2 subtable formed using a pair of rows and a pair of columns.)