Table 3.5 refers to the effect of passive smoking on lung cancer. It summarizes results of case-control studies from three countries among nonsmoking women married to smokers. Test the hypothesis that having lung cancer is independent of passive smoking, controlling for country. Report the P-value, and interpret. (Note: Weak associations in observational studies are suspect. With relatively small changes in the data, perhaps representing effects of misclassification or other bias, the association could disappear. See, for instance, R. L. Tweedie et al., Garbage in, garbage out, Chance, 7: no. 2, 20-27 (1994)).

Transcribed Image Text:

Table 3.5 Country Spouse Smoked Cases Controls Japan No Yes Great Britain No 24 21 82 73 188 5 16 Yes 19 38 United States No 71 249 Yes 137 363 Source: Blot and Fraumeni, J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 77: 993-1000 (1986).